Ethics Problem of Class Skipping Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Problem of Class Skipping - Term Paper Example The most obvious violation of an ethical principle that his action violated is the principle of nonmaleficence which posits that one ought not to harm others. My friend is not only harming others (his parents and school administrators who were in good faith to provide him with a good education) but he is also harming himself although he may not realize it yet. He is harming himself in several ways. In the short term, he would be grounded and scolded if his parents will know about his cutting classes. Later, his performance in school will surely be affected and it will not be for long that school administrators will find it out that he had been cutting classes and that could put him in trouble. Ultimately, even if he would be able to get away with the short and not so immediate repercussion of skipping class, he will surely harm himself by denying himself the opportunity to prepare for his future. The second moral problem that my friend created is his lying to his parents and getting allowances using school as a front. I need not cite philosophical basis how being untruthful is incorrect because lying is fundamentally wrong by any moral standards. I told my friend that one way or another, his parents or school administrators will find out about his skipping classes. I also told him that it is not fair to his parents who were under the impression that he was going to school with the money they gave him when in fact, it was otherwise. I also told him that ultimately, he is just harming himself because he was skipping lessons that he was supposed to learn and that will begin a vicious cycle of having difficulty understanding complex lessons in the future. Initially, I was detached to whatever my friend was doing because I already did my part as a friend which is to give him sound advice and it is his life anyway.  

Corporate law Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate law Master - Case Study Example Thus, from all appearances the corporation is indeed a close one. If it was not stated that the spouses Paul and Mary had registered the company in 1980 with the name Scott Enterprises PTY. Ltd., the first thing that would come to the mind is that the spouses must have formed a partnership instead because the business originally involved only the two of them i.e. the spouses. Most partnerships involve only two business partners (Clifford 2006, p.7). But such is not the case here, although if I were the spouses' adviser at the time they contemplated to form a business entity, I would have suggested a partnership instead because a partnership is simpler and entails no further elaborate requirements to satisfy the requirements of the Corporation Act. Besides, it entails less expenses than incorporating and gives them more leeway and freedom of action than incorporation, which puts one to the reins of government control. If the spouses chose partnership instead, either Paul or Mary can bind the partnership by any legitimate contract in the ordinary course of business of their manufacturing concern. But probably, the spouses had in mind the future of the company. ... ey might be forced to retire from the business due to old age, debility, sickness, incapacity or even worse death to any or both of them (Humphreys 1998, p.6-1). Corporation provides more stability because it affords the right of succession, in which case if any of the above occurs, they can safely ensconce the corporation in the hands of the three children - Suzy, Peter and Sam (Dine 2000, p.101). A corporation ensures continuity and permits transfer of shares of their stocks to the three children if any of the above happens. Perhaps, the spouses want to see the company they laboured hard to put up go a long way and they desire to experience the fruits of their hard work when this company is already in the hands of their children. A corporation just cannot be dissolved voluntarily because it requires a vote of two thirds of the stock and its dissolution can only take place by some judicial or administrative act of the government ( Davis 2000, p.6). 3 The form of corporation can only be a close corporation because all of the corporation's issued stocks are held of record by only 5 persons, with the three children holding each 30% of the shares and the 10% share being retained by the spouses. Although the case is silent about any action to make a public offering of the shares of the corporation or to enlist the corporate shares in any stock exchange, yet the tenor of the case strongly suggest that the spouses never did any of these acts nor have any intention to make one in the future (Moye 2004, p.209). The resolve to keep the business within exclusive family control is so strong we can just surmise that the

Economic Value Added And Shareholder Value Added Accounting Essay

Economic Value Added And Shareholder Value Added Accounting Essay Agrawal (2007) defines shareholder value added (SVA) as the term used for the difference between the wealth held by the shareholders at the end of a given year and the wealth they held the previous year. In other words, SVA is the estimated future cash flows that are discounted to present value to calculate the value of the firm continuously. Measuring the current performance is based on comparing these cash flow estimates and periods real cash flow (Rappaport, 1986). Therefore, SVA represents the economic profits generated by a business above the minimum return required by all providers of capital. Value term is added when the overall net economic cash flow of the business exceeds the economic cost of all the capital employed to produce the operating profit. Hence, SVA integrates financial statements of the business (profit and loss, balance sheet and cash flow) into one meaningful measure. Economic Value Added (EVA) is best explained by Drucker (1998) as, EVA is based upon something we have known for a long time: What we call profits, the money left to service equity, is usually not profit at all. Until a business returns a profit that is greater than its cost of capital, it operates at a loss. In other words, EVA is a measure that tells what has happened to the wealth of shareholders. Accordingly, earning a return greater than the cost of capital increases value of a company, and earning less destroys the value. EVA is calculated as the excess of net operating profit over the cost of capital including cost of equity. EVA is the mostly encountered index of measuring economic profit. It is an index of measuring internal and external performance of companies being introduced by Stern Steward American consulting firm. EVA index is relevant in quantifying the capacity of a company of creating value for capital suppliers; capital cost represents the index of the average efficiency expected by investors under similar risk circumstances. Return on Capital Employed There are many definitions for the return on capital employed (ROCE), but the widely-used definition, as evidenced by the fact that it is the standard measure produced by DATASTREAM and Standard Poors Compustat Service is ROCE equals to EBIT over capital employed. It is measured by comparing the profits made by the firm with the capital used in making the profit and set as a percentage or fraction. Hence, ROCE measures the efficiency of management in the application or use of the organizations funds or resources in a given financial period Value Based Management According to Coca-Colas A Guide to Implementing Value-Based Management, 1997, VBM is defined as a set of principles that allows us to manage value at all levels of our business. Value creation becomes not just our companys mission, it becomes the philosophy we work with daily. It becomes the framework for everything we do. VBM measures are generally based on comparison between (a) corporate market value corporate accounting book value and/or (b) on the residual income measure. VBM provides an integrated management strategy and financial control system designed to mitigate agency conflicts and increase shareholder value. VBM systems attempt to accomplish this goal by providing managers with a set of decision-making tools (metrics) that can identify which alternatives create or destroy value, and often by linking compensation and promotions to shareholder value. VBM provide a mechanism for linking managers decisions to firm performance outcomes that create shareholder value and provide a means to further align shareholder and managerial interests. Blue Ocean Strategy Blue ocean strategy (BOS) is a set of ideas encompassing tools and methodologies to help companies gain a competitive edge by creating uncontested market space or Blue Oceans. It is based on the view that market boundaries and industry structure are not given and can be reconstructed by the actions and beliefs of industry players. W. Chan Kim and Rene Mauborgne, called this as the reconstructionist view. Blue ocean strategies reconstruct market boundaries, thereby freeing companies from head-to-head competition and instead opening new market space to achieve a leap in value for both buyers and for themselves. Identifying a potentially successful strategic move does not require any special capacities, vision or foresight about the future. All new insights come through looking at familiar data from a new perspective. Blue ocean strategy integrates the range of a firms functional and operational activities. In this sense, blue ocean strategy is more than innovation. It is about strategy that embraces the entire system of a companys activities. METHODOLOGIES Shareholder Value Added The SVA methodology is an approach to assist management in the decision making process. Its applications include performance monitoring, capital budgeting, output pricing and market valuation of the entity. SVA = (Present value of cash flow from operations during the forecast period + residual value + marketable securities) Debt. The net of the present value of cash flow and the opportunity cost associated with the firms capital is a measure of the surplus or additional value provided to the shareholders as a result of the firms activities. This formula is expressed in dollar terms for a period Economic Value Added The EVA methodology can be applied to create wealth for the owners of businesses from all levels or size of the firms. It is a performance measurement which directly links strategy to value and is therefore the key to wealth creation. EVA = Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT) (Capital*WACC) NOPAT is an operating performance measure after taking account of taxation, but before any financing costs. Interest is totally excluded from NOPAT as it appears implicitly in the capital charge. Capital costs include both the cost of debt finance and the cost of equity finance. The cost of these sources of finance is reflected by the return required by the funds provider. This capital cost is referred to as the Weighted Average Cost of Capital Economic Value Added will increase if: New capital is invested and it earns more than the cost of capital. Capital is divested from the business if it does not cover the cost of capital. NOPAT increases without increasing the capital employed. Return on Capital Employed The ROCE methodology indicates how well the management has used the investment made by owners and creditors into the business. It is commonly used as a basis for various managerial decisions. ROCE = EBIT/ (Total Assets Current Liabilities) The ROCE ratio can be found for a number of years so as to find a trend as to whether the profitability of the company is improving or otherwise. Value Based Management VBM methodology provides an integrated framework for making strategic and operating decisions. By aligning internal business processes, strategies, and corporate governance and investor communications, VBM provide a common discipline, a consistent culture, and a singular focus on value for all business activities. There are many ways to measure and implement VBM in the business. Four approaches have been widely used in practice. One is fundamental value analysis (FVA). Two is returns to shareholder (RTS). Three is economic profit. Four is the relationship between the market value of the firms financial instruments and the book value of the firms operating assets (MVA, the q- ratio, and the market-to-book ratio). Planning and control analyses of the structure of income, costs, and investments are also employed in implementing the four approaches. In implementation, each approach to value based management (VBM) starts with strategic planning processes, ties performance to incentive compensation, requires top management involvement, as well as information and training programs for employees. The four approaches to VBM also take into account other stakeholders such as employees, consumers and community. VBM must also evaluate changing economic, cultural, and political environments. The strategic planning process analyzes long term trends, cyclical economic changes, competitive forces, and effective development of managerial capabilities and other resources. Blue Ocean Strategy To create a blue ocean market, there are several frameworks and tools to be applied in the business. First approach is the strategy canvas which is both a diagnostic and an action framework for building a compelling blue ocean strategy. It serves two purposes. First, it captures the current state of play in the known market space. This allows managers to understand where the competition is currently investing; the factors the industry currently competes on in products, service, and delivery; and what customers receive from the existing competitive offerings on the market. Second approach is the Four Actions Framework which is the value innovation analysis. This approach asks four key questions to challenge an industrys strategic logic and business model. The first question forces a company to consider eliminating factors that company in an industry have long competed on. The second question forces a company to determine whether products or services have been over-designed in the race to match and beat the competition. The third question pushes a company to uncover and eliminate the compromises an industry forces customer to make. The fourth question helps a company to discover entirely new sources of value for buyers and to create new demand and shift the strategic pricing of the industry. All the four questions allow a company to systematically explore how it can reconstruct buyer value elements across alternative industries to offer buyers an entirely new experience, while simultaneously keeping its cost structure low. Third approach is the Eliminate-Reduce-Raise-Create Grid. The grid pushes companies not only to ask all four questions in the four actions framework but also to act on all four to create a new value curve. By driving companies to fill in the grid with the actions of eliminating and reducing as well as raising and creating, the grid gives companies four immediate benefits; it pushes them to simultaneously pursue differentiation and low costs to break the value/cost trade-off, immediately flags companies that are focused only on raising and creating and thereby lifting their cost structure and often over-engineering products and service, is easily understood by managers at any level, creating a high level of engagement in its application and because completing the grid is a challenging task, it drives companies to robustly scrutinize every factor the industry competes on, making them discover the range of implicit assumptions they make unconsciously in competing. APPLICATIONS AND PRACTICES BY CORPORATE ENTITIES Shareholder Value Added The use of SVA gives an insight into the investment performance of the business by clearly identifying the opportunity cost of the investment, being the cost of capital, and comparing this to the return generated from the business. SVA can be applied to all the segments within a firm. Accordingly, it is primarily used by managers to evaluate the performance of divisions or branches. Practices AFS Consulting (2004) did a research on SVA performance with the Malaysian Banking Industry. The result shows that Maybank Berhad (MBB) and Hong Leong Bank Berhad (HLBB) emerge as banking institutions that create the best shareholder wealth or value among the local banks. While MBB and HLBB have enormous potential to be the leading domestic bank competing with foreign banks, both banks are still lagging behind in shareholder value creation compared to the incumbent foreign banks, which operate in a highly restrictive and controlled environment. Economic Value Added EVA can be used for the purposes like setting the organizational goals, performance measurement, determining bonuses, communication with shareholders and investors, motivation of managers, capital budgeting, corporate valuation and analyzing equity securities. Practices The study done by Issham Ismail on the performance of GLCs (Government-Linked Companies) and non-GLCs in Malaysia using EVA found that the outcomes of the study indicate a negative relationship between the size of the companies and the EVA values. The larger companies tend to have lower EVA values. In Malaysia, the GLCs are generally larger in size as compared to non-GLCS. Therefore, companies with government as their stakeholders tend to exhibit lower EVA scores than the companies without government stakeholders. It is believed that the Malaysian government prefers investing in public amenities companies to protect public interest, evidenced by their active role in Telekom, POS and TNB. These types of companies do not have higher value than their competitors, where the competitors are usually profit-oriented organization. This outcome further emphasizes that companies that have both the characteristics, large sized and government-linked, tend to have lower EVA values. It also leads to findings that an expansion of size government holding companies tends to increase the cost of capital in greater proportion to the any returns it generates. Return on Capital Employed ROCE is used to prove the value the business gains from its assets and liabilities, a business which owns lots of land but has little profit will have a smaller ROCE to a business which owns little land but makes the same profit. It basically can be used to show how much a business is gaining for its assets, or how much it is losing for its liabilities. Practices Norman Kahl and Jawad Shaikh (2003) analyzed ROCE trends over time for twelve major telecommunication service providers. The sample size represents nearly two-thirds of the US and nearly three-quarters of the Western European telecom services market. The result shows a significant regional difference exist, with ROCE at around 9% in the US and -8% in Europe. The negative European ROCE can only partially be explained by the enormous write-offs made in 2001 and 2002. Other finding is that past and present initiatives of the industry have mainly focused on revenue generation and operational efficiency; but less focus on asset utilization. This shows that by consistently leveraging all three drivers of ROCE (revenue generation, operational efficiency, and asset management), companies are able to get back on track and may even gain a sustainable leap versus their competitors. Value Based Management VBM emphasizes long-term cash flows analysis and risk analysis in all aspects of managerial decision making, such as evaluating individual projects and determining the economic value of the overall strategy of the business. The VBM approach is ultimately aimed at the goal of structuring and managing a company in a way that will create more value for its owners. Bromwich (1998) observes the need for measuring tools, applicable to different organizational levels, such as corporate and business unit level, while Ottoson and Weissenrieder (1996) emphasize the need for measurement systems that can be used for internal and external communication. Practices Harley E. Ryan, Jr. and Emery A. Trahan (2007) examine the performance of 84 firms that adopt value-based management (VBM) systems during the period 1984-1997. The result shows that the typical firm significantly improves residual income after adopting VBM. This improvement persists for the five post adoption years studied. They also found a negative relation between tying compensation to VBM and post-adoption performance. Furthermore, firms reduce capital expenditures following VBM adoption, but that the reductions in spending do not differ based on the firms growth opportunities. Overall, the evidence suggests that VBM improves economic performance and the efficient use of capital. Blue Ocean Strategy The frameworks and tools introduced by Kim and Renee (2006) are essential analytics that can be applied to allow companies to break from the competition and open up blue oceans of uncontested market space. Practices According to The Star Online dated July 16, 2007 titled Blue Ocean Strategy for Corporate Malaysia, Harvard Business School Professor D. Quinn Mills, states that there were many companies worldwide that are adopting BOS either knowingly or unknowingly. In addition, companies that know how to apply BOS to access a bigger market would reap significant benefits in terms of earnings. On questions regarding the Malaysian companies adopting BOS, he said: We believe the strategy is still fairly new to local companies. However, it is likely that many CEOs are aware of BOS but have yet to fully understand and apply the strategy to their companies. He also cited Air Asia as an example of a successful company that had identified a Blue Ocean and created a business model to capture and untapped and un-served market in the travel industry. Mills also said BOS was especially important for a country like Malaysia with a small population and market.

Foreshadowing in William Faulkners A Rose For Emily Essay -- A Rose Fo

In the story, A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner the chronology of the story is chopped into pieces and moved around for the reader’s viewing pleasure. William Faulkner demonstrates how giving away part of the ending before the story has begun obligates the reader to investigate the story in order to get the rest of the ending, all the while building suspense for the reader, and building the storyline. The story starts off with part of the ending, which pulls the reader into the rest of the story. Right from the start, the story pulls the reader into what’s going on by giving them the line, â€Å"When Miss Emily Grierson died, our whole town went to her funeral†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.130) That line makes the reader think to themselves â€Å"Why would an entire town go to a funeral?† And it’s true, what makes Emily Grierson so important that the entire town would go to her funeral? Maybe she was a magic healer or something, the reader just doesn’t know. And because the reader doesn’t know, human nature comes into play and curiosity takes its toll on the reader pushing them to read more. Then, further down ...

Nursing: Health Care and Nurses Essay

The impact of institute of medicine (IOM) report on Transforming Nursing Education, Practice, and Leadership. Nursing profession is an indispensible part of the healthcare system and the opportunities for a nursing career are limitless, one may choose from a number of career paths, including clinical practice, education, research, management, administration and leadership. In the midst of all these career paths, clients are the center of practice and they have wide variety of healthcare needs, experiences, vulnerabilities, and expectations. This is what makes nursing both challenging and rewarding. In other to respond and adapt to changes evolving in the health care system, there must be a transformation in nursing education, practice and leadership. Based on these changes and transformation, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), released the report â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health.† This comprehensive report explores the need of the profession to adapt to changes and prepare to meet challenges that will occur as a result of the health care reform. With the recent passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), millions of Americans who were previously uninsured now find themselves with the opportunity to have access to medical care that was previously denied to them. With large number of individuals who are now able to receive primary care, there is concern as to whether or not there will be enough providers available to handle the massive increase in patient load. The reformed health care system now brings on new challenges and these challenges offer nurses the opportunity to practice with more freedom in order help close the gaps within our health care delivery system. The IOM committee formulated key messages that structure its recommendation for this transformation, focusing on the delicate ground of nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing leadership. The report has it that nurses should be able to practice their full potential and extent based on the training and the education (Transforming Practice); the nurses should be able to achieve excellence in improved system of education and as well training (Transforming Education); and nurses should partner in full with doctors and professionals in health care in the redesigning of practices (Transforming Leadership). The report based on the need to transform practice states that â€Å"Nurses should practice to the full extent of their education and training.† (Institute of Medicine, 2010) There is the need to allow nurses who have obtained the appropriate education, such as a masters or doctorate degree, also referred to as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) to provide primary care and not be restricted by state laws and regulations. Guidelines should be set based on their experience and competency. Transforming the practice of nursing will be beneficial in future. It will enhance quality, easy access to care, reduce waiting lines, promote health, prevent illness, and care for people of all ages and ethnicities. The ability for people to seek quality, affordable health care means nurses will be taking on new roles. The center of the health care system will be changed to primary care and prevention and will allow more advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) to take on the primary care role. Nurses will expand their scope of practice and increase their responsibilities through teaching and counseling patients about their health care problems. They will coordinate care, act as patients advocate and be able to refer patients to physicians especially those that need specialist care. One concept involved in this transformation, is providing patient-centered care in all aspects. The IOM report refers to this as nurse guided care. â€Å"The nurse providing guided care offers eight services: assessment; planning care; monitoring; coaching; chronic disease self-management; educating and supporting caregivers; coordinating transitions between providers and sites of care; and facilitating access to community services, such as Meals-on-Wheels, transportation services, and senior centers.† (IOM, 2010, p.95) This holistic approach enables the nurse to provide a level of continuity of care throughout the entire process. On the impact on education, the report stated that â€Å"the current health care system was molded around caring for individuals in acute care illness and injury situations, but as time evolves and the population ages, we have begun to notice that care has shifted to a heavier and wider variety of chronic illnesses† (National League for Nursing, 2010). It is for this reason that the IOM’s report suggest that nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training, through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The first suggestion to transform nursing education involves an effort being made to encourage associate degree nurses to obtain BSN degrees by the year 2020. The report recommends five competent categories to be integrated in the nursing education. They are, patient centered care, working with other interdisciplinary teams, emphasize practice based on evidence, seeking improvement in quality, and informatics. Computer skills and information management are required for nurses in order to keep up with the technological advancement in the medical field. Higher nursing degrees provide nurses with more critical thinking skills; this will create efficiency and improved quality of care for the patient. In order to increase nursing competence, it is paramount that there is an improved education system that promotes continuous academic progression as opposed to the current disjointed system that is both archaic and ineffective. As well as increasing the percentage of nurses who attain a Baccalaureate in the Science of Nursing (BSN) to 80% by 2020, having at least 10% of BSN nurses to enter a master or doctoral program, and doubling the number of nurses who pursue doctoral degrees, the profession should institute residency training in addition to currently instrumented internship programs for novice nurses. Well trained nurses with seasoned knowledge will be able to handle the massive increase in p atient load. The reformed health care system now brings on new challenges and these challenges offer nurses the opportunity to practice with more freedom in order help close the gaps within our health care delivery system. On the leadership front, the report calls on nurses in different levels ranging from student nurses, frontline nurses, community nurses, chief nursing officers, Nurse researchers, to the nursing organizations to acquire leadership skills and competencies to work in conjunction with doctors and other health care professionals in reform effort across the healthcare settings. Nurses are called to be actively involved in leadership at all levels, to be involved in decision making and also effect policy changes in the country. This leadership skill will start as early as in school to the practice settings. Finally, this transformation on the healthcare delivery system began with the issue of change. Change threatens many, but also opens up opportunities for improvement. The ultimate issue in designing and delivering healthcare is ensuring the health of the population by widening and improving the scope of nursing practice through the use of APRN in delivering primary care. Many clients do not receive continuity of care, many clients are now able to access care since the passage of the Affordable care act, so nurses in all levels and settings should be better prepared to deal with the challenges in healthcare. Many healthcare organizations are changing how they provide their services, reduce unnecessary cost, improve access to care and try to provide high quality client care. Professional nursing is an important player in effecting these changes listed above through transformation in their education, practice and active participation in leadership as advocated in the report. References American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2011). Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice. Washington, DC: Author Cresaia, J., & Friberg, E. (2010) Conceptual Foundations: The Bridge to professional Nursing Practice. (5th ed). St Louis, MO: Elsevier. Institute Of Medicine. (2004). In the nation’s compelling interest: Ensuring diversity in the health care workforce. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Institute Of Medicine. (2010) â€Å"The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health (2010).† Retrieved November 8, 2012 from http://iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health.aspx National League for Nursing. (2010) Nursing education research: Graduations from RN programs. Accessed November 8, 2012 from http://www.nln.org/research/slides/topic_graduations_rn.htm

Christians & Children Essay

Children today are a strong focal point of our society. Family upbringing can a be a big factor in to whether a child can act as a Christian or not. If a child is brought up with good values and are thought to think of others and that life is not just about ourselves then they will be able to act as good Christians. Children can often be selfish and only think of themselves if not taught better. Although if you observe children you can tell which ones have had a good upbringing and those that have not been taught right from wrong. Children are more likely to accept and not question at a young age whereas if older they may already be selfish and only think of themselves. Also in St. Marks gospel Jesus says; ‘I tell you the truth, anyone who will not receive the kingdom of God like a little child will never enter it (10:15)’ By this he means adults must learn from children who have an unquestioning, unconditional love and belief in what they are taught- an honest innocence. Most Christian children today are baptised as a baby, this is because their parents want them to be part of God’s family. When a child is baptised one of the things that they will be blessed with is that they will be able to resist temptation if you are baptised as a child you are more likely to be able to be a better Christian as you have the power to resist temptation. Some people may argue that being baptised as a baby is too young, as Jesus was baptised as an adult, but I think if a child decides they do not want to follow on in the Christian faith they can then not follow on to do their conformation class which then they will be able to make an informed decision about what they believe. Children may be seen as too self-interested to be a disciple and are more likely to fail but part of being a disciple is failure for example when Peter disowns, Jesus forgave him and he shows that he understands human failure. Peter went on to be the leader of the Church despite his failing. Although these are still children we have to think about the fact that Christianity equips you with the tools and guidance of the Holy Spirit to help and guide you away from wrongdoing. With all this support children should still be able to be just as much of a Christian as any adult. Children can do many things to act as disciples such as go to church, give money to charity, read/serve in mass and fundraise. I think a good example of how much children do really care is in Blue Peter, every year they organise the Blue Peter appeal, in which thousands of children organise bring and buy sales and other fundraising events for the issue they are raising for. ‘Instead, whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant and whoever wants to be first must be slave of all (11:43-45)’ By this Jesus meant that we should serve others and help them as much as possible and I think all the children taking part in the Blue Peter appeal have done this. Another thing that we have to consider is when you say ‘child’ what this would mean. In the dictionary there are two definitions these are; * Any person between birth and puberty * An infant; a baby What would we see as the right definition it is hard to classify do we mean by their mental age or by their physical appearance or by their age. If we cannot identify what a child is then how can we decide that we cannot have them as Christians? I do not agree with this statement as I feel there are many worthy children that are Christians in the world today. Children today are tomorrow’s generation and we depend on them to carry on good will an d follow our faith. Christianity is a way of life not an age.

Conflict Mode Assessment

Conflict Mode Assessment Introduction A conflict is a form of disagreement between parties leading to a confrontation. This arises in most cases due to people’s difference in ideology or lack of mutual interest in a certain activity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Mode Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Settlement of conflicts has to take place amicably in order to play down the harmful impacts that they may cause in an organization (Jellison, 2006). The paper highlights conflict using a â€Å"job interview† scenario, where the person is supposed to solve a conflict arising due to unexpected challenges. Convectional wisdom is an essential requirement when solving conflicts of any magnitude to ensure sustainable relationships regardless of change. The Thomas Kilman conflict model consists of five modes used when managing conflicts and changes. It based on human behaviors of assertiveness or cooperativeness as a form of action in adjusting to changes caused by conflicts. Competing being the first mode, involves assertiveness and self-centered actions when handling conflicts. The intention is to use all channels available to triumph in a scenario. It can engage individual using their rights in obtaining power of control in a situation. This action has a score of five in a continuum (Jellison, 2006). Accommodating is not assertive, contrary to competing, the next party is considered in a conflict. It engages another’s point of view, normally awarded a score of nine in a continuum.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Avoiding, which is the third mode, also has a score of five is not assertive and is usually uncooperative. A conflict to be solved is neglected in this case either temporary or permanently. Collaborative is a mutual mode of solving conflicts where both party’s interests are looked into (Jellison, 2006). It involves self-sacrifices where necessary when handling issues analytically, normally given a score of five, which translates to 40% using percentage. Lastly, compromise is an intermediary form of conflict management, the agreement made satisfies both parties. Compromise addresses issues directly and is normally in a score of six. Compromising mode is the preferred style of conflict management in the scenario above. There has to be mutual agreement amidst the parties involved due to unexpected situations. The interview is of much benefit to one party while solving the accident is beneficial to all. An understanding might result to a solution that benefits all the parties using compromising mode. It is only by the compromising mode of conflict management that a win-win situation is possible (Jellison, 2006). Compromising model minimizes the chances of conflict aggravating, since there can be a clash of interest amidst two parties. This m ode is suitable in solving problems of dynamic nature when under pressure. This mode allows for exploration of other channels when settling disputes, normally preferred in cases of emergency. Compromise reduces the sensitive nature of a problem at hand in this case the interview is of much importance than parking the car.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict Mode Assessment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For the competing mode, there will be assertiveness in insisting on the right to parking. This overlooks other people’s interests. Collaborating mode will involve integrating the interests of the other party. It will delve much into issues thus complicating the conflict auxiliary from the initial intention. Avoiding the conflict does not apply in this case since it will provide no solution when managing conflicts. Avoiding is suitable when the issue at hand is of a smaller magnitude, thus negligible (Je llison, 2006). Accommodating will result to less solution for urgent cases requiring immediate solutions while benefits is to the other party more than self. Competing mode is difficult to work with, since a good number of conflicts results from competition between parties. This mode generates unpopular decisions when sorting out problems and it is more self-centered limiting other people’s opinions that might be useful in the end. This conflict mode is only useful in groups that uphold integrity and high values when conducting operations. It is much dependent on an individual as opposed to other models in handling conflicts. References Jellison, J. (2006). Managing the dynamics of change: the fastest path to creating an engaged and productive workforce. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional.

History of Physical Education Essays

History of Physical Education Essays History of Physical Education Essay History of Physical Education Essay To provide a meaningful background of physical education and sport in modern society it is helpful to have a clear understanding of its role in the past and how it emerged. The purpose of this assignment is to outline the history of physical education since time immemorial. The text begins with the beginning of the humankind engaging in physical activities, showing the history of physical education and sport being a rich tapestry of people, places, events and social forces from early civilization to the present time through transitional periods. INTRODUCTION The ground of education as a whole is going through remarkable challenges to serve the needs of the individual and the society, and this trend is reflected in physical education also. The history of physical education goes back to the earliest times, if we think of it in the simple terms of fitness and has existed since human society in one form or other. Since early history, even before the dawn of civilization and culture, physical exercise has been a very important aspect of human existence and it was not so long ago that it was called† physical culture† or â€Å"physical training†. THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD Primitive humans began life in the â€Å"Stone Age. † What can they be called? Paleolithic people, Stone agers, primitive humans or cave men. They were hunters and gatherers. They hunted wild game and fished; they gathered veggies, berries and nuts. Primitive humans depended entirely on nature for food. Primitive men moved according to their satisfaction, needs and necessity. They needed to be fit to be able to go through their journey to hunt for food and water. Being nomads and hunters, they were people who had to be persistently hunting and gathering food for survival. Their trips regularly lasted for one-to-two days for food or water and were meant for regular physical activity to be produced. When they successfully hunted, they would travel many miles and miles to celebrate with family and friends. Physical activities were not organized by them. The necessity for survival which is the protection against hostile environment and wild beasts, and sometimes the engagement in murder to insure their protection, motivated these men to keep themselves physically ? t and strong enough compared to stronger forces of nature. In those days there were no machines to help people in their work. That is why they had to depend exclusively upon their physical powers and physical skill. They considered their body to be their prize possession, so their primary concern was to maintain and protect their body. The order of the day was the survival of the most fit. Their sociable nature was inborn and drew only by mating and propagation that gave them the desire to dance and play, which were not being organized. Men lived in such a state for thousands of years. There was neither any organization nor system. Most of their acts were learnt by the young generations by the competence of imitation rather than instruction. This lifestyle created many physical activities and a high level fitness which defined human life. THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION Neolithic people lived during the â€Å"New Stone Age†, from 9000 to 8000 B. C. This was the transitional period in which pre- historic societies began to control their surroundings and form civilization. The two most significant developments were the domestication of animals and farming. Their society was different from Paleolithic culture because they lived in established communities, domesticated animals and cultivated crops. As they improved their society they developed skills like spinning, weaving and building. They also made tombs and religious items. Men and women gave up hunting gathering as the only sources of living and learnt to produce their own food. Agriculture and the raise of cattle were discovered and increased to a productive economy. Many villages were built generally located next to rivers. Then came the creation of the plow, so the difficult tasks being done by the animals and other agricultural development brought the beginning of a less active lifestyle. Social organization became more complex in the first villages, and then towns. Different kind of chiefs appeared and gave rise to a political system. There was class system whereby society was divided into rich and poor. A specialization of work took place. Apart from peasants and cattle farmers, new economical activities such as craftsmanship (fabric, pottery) were born. This era in history symbolizes the beginning of a more sedentary lifestyle, as man began to lessen some hardships of life while simultaneously decreasing daily physical activity. ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS (2500-250 B. C. ) (i) China In China, the participation of regular physical activity was encouraged by the philosophical teachings. There were no such words in the Chinese vocabulary entirely corresponding to the Western terms of sport and physical education†. Such physical exercises as wrestling, swordplay, archery, charioteering and horse-racing were all incorporated in the military training and therefore came under the general term of wuyi, or martial arts. Kung Fu gymnastics was developed to keep the body in good and working condition. It consisted of various stances and movements, patterned by separate foot works and imitations of different kind of animals’ fighting styles. (ii) India India has a long recorded history of civilization but physical activity was not encouraged because of the religious teachings over there. The teachings of Buddha restricted most of the sports and games practiced by other early civilizations. However, an exercise programs known as â€Å"yoga†, same as the Chinese Cong Fu gymnastics, was developed and some other physical activities as well. According to the Hindu priests, Yoga signifies the development of body, mind, and spirit. The Ancient Indian philosophers recognized the health benefits of Yoga, which consisted of the proper functioning of organs and the whole well-being. There have been many physical activities but were never treated as a part of general education, they were mostly an entry to military career. ANCIENT GREECE: THE HEART OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION SPORT (2500-200 B. C. ) The western civilization began with the Greeks. They were the first one to provide a methodical and philosophical attitude toward education, physical education and sport. It is believed that no other civilization has held fitness in such appreciation as the ancient Greece had. The admiration for beauty of the body and importance of health and fitness throughout society is one that is beyond compare in history. For the Greeks, the development of the body was equivalently as important as development of the mind. They believed that the physical well-being was crucial for the mental well –being. During that period, the Greek states were frequently at war with each other. The Fighting abilities were very much associated with physical fitness levels, therefore making it very important for the people to maintain high level of fitness. Athens and Sparta were the two most famous city-states and dominant force of the Greek civilization. Sparta was already militaristic by 700 B. C. Spartans were derisive of intellectualism. They were generally suspicious and conventional. All that mattered to the Spartans was being a warrior. Athens was the more democratic of the two city-states. Both city-states served the people and their needs although they were very different. Being a potential warrior was all that mattered to the Spartans. Athens was the more democratic of the two city-states. SPARTA The Spartan system was much more autocratic. Male children were taken at the age of seven to learn the basic military skills while living in barracks. Little emphasis was placed on the arts, sciences, philosophy and literature. Physical activities such as gymnastics, running, jumping, boxing, wrestling and pankration (a brutal combination of boxing and wrestling) were provided to produce powerful warriors. When the children reached the age of fourteen, they were taught group fighting tactics which would allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty. Girls did not live in public military barracks like the boys, but they participated in discuss, gymnastics, horse riding, javelin, swimming, running, and wrestling at separate training grounds. The objective for women’s physical education was to enable them to produce healthy and strong potential warriors. At the age of thirty, the men could then marry women who were fit and healthy so that they could make strong babies, therefore future warriors. ATHENS For the Athenian -The motto for education was â€Å"a sound mind in a sound body† (mens sana in corpore sano) Athens was quite different compared to the Sparta. The Athenian culture was a very much more freethinking and democratic society specially noted for its art, literature, philosophy as well as its political system. There were citizens, foreign settlers and slaves but only the citizens were provided with educational opportunities. When compared to Sparta, education was very different in Athens. Women had no physical education compared to Sparta. They put much more emphasis toward intellectual quest. Their objective was similar to Sparta that is preparing male warriors. Athenian education was a balance between music (including poetry) and gymnastics which enveloped a range of physical activities. Physical education was provided to the students with a series of graded activities at the Palestra, which consisted of an indoor facility for gymnastics, and to an outdoor space for boxing, discus, javelin, running, jumping, pankration, pentathlon and wrestling. Many of these athletic events were part of the four great sport and religious festivals which consisted of the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian and Nemean Games. These games started as simple athletic contests dedicated to Greek gods, but the Olympic Games, in particular, over 1000 years, became increasingly complex encompassing events for boys and men in running over different distances, pentathlon, wrestling, races in armour, chariot races, and pankration. As of education more broadly, the clear objectives of physical education in Athens were to educate the mind and the body and to produce a well integrated person. ROMANS The political ambition of Rome incorporated physical education into a national program for the preparation of military. Therefore, similar to the Greeks, sports, games and physical recreation were meant to prepare boys and young men for military service. Physical education for the Romans was about athletics, which was entertainment above all. All Roman citizens between the ages of 17 and 60 had to be fit for the military service, so it was very important for all the citizens to maintain good physical condition and be prepared. Military training consisted of activities such as running, marching, jumping, and discus and javelin throwing. The fitness levels of the general Roman population declined as individuals became attracted to wealth and entertainment. People were forced to fight to the death, and oftentimes fed to lions. Women were not as marginalized in Rome as they were in Greek city-states. Some sporting events were organized for young women such as swimming, dancing, and light exercise was common, especially among the privileged classes. THE DARK (476-1000) AND MIDDLE AGES (900-1400) The Middle Ages saw the fall of the Roman Empire which was conquered by Barbarians from Northern Europe, whereby the lavish lifestyles of the Romans had resulted in the complete decay of the societys fitness level. There was the rise of Christianity, and the Christian’s influence brought about a denial of physical activity for anything other than manual labor. They viewed physical play as immoral, so they halted the Olympic Games in 394. The barbarians from Northern Europe were similar to the primitive humans. Their way of life consisted of hunting and gathering food, so physical activity and fitness were fundamentals for survival. Thus, despite the downfall of the Roman Empire, fitness experienced a revival during the Dark and Middle ages because survival during these challenging times required it. THE RENAISSANCE (1400-1600) During the Renaissance, a renewed appreciation for human life evolved creating an environment which was ready for the widespread development of physical education; revival of ancient Greek ideals throughout Europe. There were many people which included the religious leader;Martin Luther, the philosopher; John Locke, physical educators; Vittorino da Feltra, John Comenius, and Richard Mulcaster carried on that high fitness levels improved intellectual learning. But in the 1600s people believed that if it did not have any specific purpose than just a waste of time. PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS FROM THE 1700S There was a big change in physical education during the 1700’s which can be mostly accredited to three people: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Johan Simon, and Guts Muths. Rousseau was the first person to promote education for the people and he also concluded play as being educational and stressed the importance of physical education to the development of a strong body. In the mid 1700s, Johan Simon became the first physical education teacher and stressed on the fact that physical education should be taught along with reading and writing. Simon believed physical education should include a lot of physical effort. Guts Muths developed a series of gymnastic apparatuses and believed that very important social skills are developed through physical education. These people of that time and the things they did began to pave the road to where we are today. In 19th-century, the first indoor gymnasium was built in Germany and some countries such as Europe, Sweden and Germany developed systems of gymnastics that were adopted internationally. A gymnasium was also build in Finland where exercise was for the first time seen as a way to achieve physical treatment. In connection to exercise, students started to study anatomy and physiology. Denmark was among the first countries to require physical education in schools. By the 1820s, some American schools offered gymnasium and physical education. The physical education included the development and care of the body, and training in hygiene, callisthenic exercises, gymnastics, and the performance and management of athletic games. CONCLUSION Physical education has a cultural heritage and background which started at the dawn of civilization. Primitive human being had to be very active and physically to survive. Farming began in its primitive form and made people have more physical activity from only working in the fields. People fitness levels changed here and the also began seeing a more sedentary lifestyle. Ancient Greek culture depended upon preparing its young men for war. Training for battle was not an option, but a prerequisite. Ancient physical education programs concentrated exclusively on activities that trained soldiers. The significance of physical education no longer concentrates solely on training soldiers for battle and ancient athletes for victories but for the wholesome development of a person. It began in ancient Greece and made its way around the world. REFERENCES S. E. Smith. What was the Neolithic Period?. Available: wisegeek. com/what-was-the-neolithic-period. htm. Last accessed: 30th Oct 2012. Charles A. Bucher. (1983). Historical foundations of physical education and sport. In: Nancy K. Roberson Foundations of physical education and sport. US: The C. V. Mosby Company. P133-155. cals. ncsu. edu/agexed/aee501/rousseau. html http://prezi. com/ieokiwmde3ni/history-of-physical-education/ Howel et al. 1994. History Of Sport And Physical Education. In: Foundations of Physical Education,pp. 17-117 A. Bruce Frederick. Gymnastics. Available: britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/250277/gymnastics#ref700589. Last accessed: 01st nov 2012.

Business Essays – Entrepreneurship Pancake Cereal

Business Essays Entrepreneurship Pancake Cereal Entrepreneurship Pancake Cereal Business Model / Mo’s Pancake and Cereal Bar Introduction Entrepreneurship is a thriving activity in the United States, as well as globally. Increasing numbers of people are deciding to implement their dreams of business ownership. There are between three and five million entrepreneurial business ventures undertaken annually within the United States. Eighty-four percent of those starting a new business venture are first-time entrepreneurs (Zimmerer however, 64% of small businesses fail within six years (Zimmerer and as a result, starting a new business is no longer perceived as particularly risky. In light of this favorable environment for entrepreneurial activity, the success of a new business venture, Mo’s Pancake and Cereal Bar (MPCB), located in the vibrant and historical downtown district of Grapevine, Texas, seems particularly promising. Elements of several relevant disciplines will play a vital role in the success or failure o f this particular venture. By taking advantage of the perspectives of these particular disciplines, it should be possible to integrate their insights in order to create a viable business plan that will result in the ultimate success of Mo’s Pancake and Cereal Bar (Repko, 2005). There are a wide range of disciplines that could contribute to the creation of a successful business plan for MPCB. Some of these disciplines include architecture, business administration, education, history, political science, sociology, and urban planning and development. Three disciplines have been identified as those making the greatest contribution: urban planning and development, architecture and the subfield of interior design, and business with an emphasis on small business management. An understanding of urban planning and development will be necessary to ensure a business plan that is that is in keeping with the overall goals and the long-term development plans of the city of Grapevine. Urban planning and development plays a key role in understanding patterns of growth and its resulting economic implications (McCarthy, 2007). The ownership and management of MPCB must understand the significance of community goals and the importance of these goals on the ultimate success of MPCB. As an organization, MPCB should develop strong ties with city government and take an active part in promoting its development. One way it can do this is by taking part in such activities as Main Street Days , Grapefest , and various holiday festivities held annually in the city of Grapevine.

Legalization of Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legalization of Drugs - Essay Example However, before entering to the discussion about whether these drugs need to be legalized or not, it is necessary first to understand what drugs are. According to Gottfried, (2010), drugs are chemical components that are taken by individuals and have effect on how body works or functions. However, not all drugs are unsuitable. Medicines are legal drugs, but they help fight diseases and help the body function better. Nonetheless, some drugs are illegal. These are drugs that are addictive and have negative effects on human beings. Rationale of society and drugs The issue of legalizing drugs draws mixed reactions because different cultures have different views regarding the use and significance of these drugs. For example, some societies believe that the use of some drugs like marijuana has some spiritual significance attached to it (Gottfried, 2010). Cultures like Rasta movement popularly practiced in Jamaica believe that using marijuana is holy and has no harm using it. They believe t hat since marijuana is herb created by God and has the capability to make one feel high, should be legalized. On the other hand, some people highly believe in use of these drugs as a recommendation from traditional medicine men and women who recommend them to their patients. example, â€Å"Marijuana, is said to have important therapeutic effects and its seeds are highly nutritious† (Gottfried, 2010, 28). However, this has been met with considerable controversy. â€Å"Marijuana has been said to relieve certain types of pain, nausea, vomiting and other symptoms occasioned by such illnesses as cancer and HIV/AIDS† (Aquino, 2005, 1). ... It is crucial to note that even if some researches indicate such importance of marijuana, it should be only used under directions of a qualified medical practitioner. Proponents’ of view on legalization of illegal drugs Proponents of legalization of illegal drugs argue that legalizing drugs is the only solution to win the war against these drugs. It is true that the war against illegal drugs is an expensive undertaking. According to Worth, (2010), it involves expensive training of police officers and other agents in the war against drugs. In fact, proponents argue that the government can make large sums of revenue from the sale of these drugs instead of wasting a lot of resources to fight the same business that would otherwise benefit it. They believe this is the war the government can not win because dealers of these drugs invent new strategy to evade police arrest every new day. At the same time, they claim that if these drugs are legalized, many people will make money by in volving themselves in the drug business. Charles, (2008) noted that â€Å"this goes hand in hand with the idea that drugs encourage and attract criminal activities† (43). To counteract this, the proponents of legalizing these drugs argue that people engage in criminal activities due to unemployment and idleness (Gottfried, 2010). It is surprising how they argue that drug use is a personal decision, and it involves the life of the user. They argue that those that take these drugs have personal benefits accrued from these drugs. Some cite the importance of leisure, which is obtained from these drugs, and they argue that â€Å"all people have a right to choose the kind of leisure to have from the available choices†

Students, Taxpayers Forced to Pay for Abortions on College Campuses Essay

Students, Taxpayers Forced to Pay for Abortions on College Campuses - Essay Example The report elicited much outrage from pro-life activists and taxpayers across the nation who wished for this hole in the federal legislation (put in place to stop taxpayer funding of abortions) plugged. Before one can comment on the validity of either the pro-life or pro-abortion viewpoint in this situation, it is important to understand the legislation in question namely, the Hyde Amendment. Passed by the Congress in 1976, the Hyde Act is a legislation that removes abortion from the healthcare services provided to low income groups by the federal government through Medicaid (ACLU, 2004). The only exception to this law was made in cases of rape, incest or when the woman’s life was endangered by a physical disorder, illness or injury. Though the act has to be renewed every year, it is quite clear in its stand that federal funds are not to be used to fund abortions. The Act was adopted by most states as were subsequent similar legislations that permitted insurance companies to r efuse cover to patients for abortions or counsel and referrals related to abortions. In addition to poor women, the act also affected Native Americans, federal employees and dependents, Peace Corps volunteers, federal prisoners, military personnel and their dependents and disabled women relying on Medicare. The study on healthcare in universities by Students for Life of America (SFLA) examined the systems in 200 universities across the states with regard to university sponsored or subsidized healthcare plans. With data retrieved from the Integrated Post Secondary Education Data System (IEPDS), SFLA discovered that a number of universities (such as in North Carolina) required students to have healthcare plans and automatically enrolled them in plans that covered elective abortions (SFLA 2011). To be precise, 33.5% of the schools surveyed made it mandatory for students to have healthcare coverage, 97% of these offered school sponsored healthcare plans, 44.3% of this segment offered pl ans that included cover for elective abortions, and 44% of these schools automatically enrolled their students in these programs. Also, 33% of the 200 schools automatically enrolled the students in school sponsored plans to their accounts and 57% of these plans covered elective abortions (SFLA 2011). While one might argue that the university was being responsible and considerate in ensuring that medical problems and especially unwanted pregnancies did not interfere with the education of their students, there were many who found it hard to digest. There were two main reasons for this, one being that the healthcare plan was believed to encourage carelessness among youngsters, counteracting decades of sexual awareness campaigns and the second being that this provision was in direct contradiction of the Hyde Amendment and other similar legislations. Grants such as the Pell Grant offered to students use federal funds provided to universities to bridge the gap between the economic capacit y of the student and the actual fees of the course. Since some of these universities include their health plans in the students’ fees by default, it indicates that the federal funds are indirectly used to pay for health insurance that covers elective abortion

Analyze and assess the understanding of the relationship between Essay

Analyze and assess the understanding of the relationship between Judaism and the modern world outlined in Jonathan Sacks' 'The Dignity of Diference' - Essay Example d has always resulted in clash of civilizations resulting in large scale devastation, melancholy, and disaster as is evident from the September 11, catastrophe in the United States. This sends out an unblemished message – that of the disastrous consequences of attempting to establish a single way of life in a multicultural society. Jonathan Sack’s book on The Dignity of Difference: How to avoid the clash of civilizations is based on this ongoing issue of changing face of religion in an age of globalization and its various implifications. For better or for worse, religion, has re – emerged amidst an atmosphere of heightened apprehension and uncertainty. And more often than not mankind is faced with its detrimental consequences. A careful study of religious sermons across the globe reveals that the apathy shown by the torchbearers of religion in the name of God, are often the result of the malicious intents of the highly manipulative religious leaders and their communities. A brief probe into the contemporary clashes spurred on religious grounds would reveal a series of non exhaustive and disheartening events that history has witnessed over the years, some of which are still ongoing, such as the clash between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir, India, Jews and Palestinians in the Middle East, Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, and the fearsome Taliban in Afghanistan. Sack’s book provides a stimulating and elevated view of his religious perceptions that seek to promote inter – cultural congeniality and benevolence. The author, being a staunch follower of Judaism: an orthodox Jew is highly religious and yet disapproves of overbearing display of one’s religious beliefs and its imposition on the followers of other faiths. His position as the chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth1 and his approach towards following one’s own cultural values in a multicultural environment enables him to confront and enlighten aggravating

Pro Genetically Modified Foods. Only the pros not the cons Essay

Pro Genetically Modified Foods. Only the pros not the cons - Essay Example These foods benefit farmers as they realize higher yields when they grow them (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon, 2011, p. 33). Therefore, these foods promote the wellbeing of the entire society. Reduced poverty levels, for example, illustrate the importance of genetically modified foods. These foods, also, affect positively on the environment. They safeguard the environment in a number of ways, which makes the earth a better place to live in. consequently, human beings achieve peace of mind as protection of the environment assures them of the protection of future generations. Many governments around the globe advocate for the use of genetically modified foods. The United States, for example, encourages the growth of these foods (Forman, 2010, p. 26). Governments appreciate that the foods alleviate poverty in their respective countries. More to this, they encourage cultivation of these foods due to the economic implications resulting from the foods. The foods, for example, promote economic growth, given the availability of food that can be exported to other countries. The foods also save the various economies amounts that could have been used to import foods. These funds can be channeled to other development projects, thus boosting the standards of living in the nations. Environmental activists also support the use of genetically modified foods. These foods protect their interest of conserving the environment, which makes them support the implementation of these crops in their different regions (Young, 2004, pp. 2-3). Health institutions encourage the use of these foods as well. This follows the health benefits derived from growing the crops. They, for example, utilize minimal application of chemicals on the plants. Consequent to this, farmers and other farm workers experience reduced exposure to harmful chemicals. This reduces the number of health cases related to the use of the chemicals,

Police pursuits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police pursuits - Essay Example e inability to control pursuits resulting in problems to the public have become a common phenomena and it is high time that clearcut tactics, legislation and policies are formulated and executed in this regard. The question is whether the police pursuits add to public security or public misery. The moral question is whether the benefits derived from a successful chase would compensate for the concomitant risk to public health and safety. Lack of applicable standards to decide whether the police pursuit was for the right cause or to prove that the police officers have not shown any neglect of duty of care is the major drawback related to police pursuits. The policy pursuits very often result in liabilities for accidents, or litigation for injury to personal and property. Viola king in this regard remarks that â€Å"...officer liability in police pursuits arises only when the police vehicle actually impacts the other vehicles.† (King, Viola.) Thus, it is clear that the police do not have to take the liability for any accidents which are not directly caused due to their pursuits. But the officers have to be judicious enough to decide and employ high speed chases only when it is necessary. If the police ask a speeding car to stop and it doesn’t, it is well within the officer’s jurisdiction to pursue it. The high rate of crashes, injuries and deaths during police pursuits has not set a positive note for the department from the public. In a survey conducted by John Hill, it was found that, by and large, the public did not want to be passerby during high speed pursuits. Although 58 % of them felt that it was morally right for the officer to stop a speeding vehicle, and if the vehicle did not stop, it was well within their right to chase it. But when the question came as to whether the officer was justified in hot pursuit if it involved danger to public health and safety, the proportion who justified police pursu it, dropped from over 58 % to just 29%. (Karen, J.

Analyze and assess the understanding of the relationship between Essay

Analyze and assess the understanding of the relationship between Judaism and the modern world outlined in Jonathan Sacks' 'The Dignity of Diference' - Essay Example d has always resulted in clash of civilizations resulting in large scale devastation, melancholy, and disaster as is evident from the September 11, catastrophe in the United States. This sends out an unblemished message – that of the disastrous consequences of attempting to establish a single way of life in a multicultural society. Jonathan Sack’s book on The Dignity of Difference: How to avoid the clash of civilizations is based on this ongoing issue of changing face of religion in an age of globalization and its various implifications. For better or for worse, religion, has re – emerged amidst an atmosphere of heightened apprehension and uncertainty. And more often than not mankind is faced with its detrimental consequences. A careful study of religious sermons across the globe reveals that the apathy shown by the torchbearers of religion in the name of God, are often the result of the malicious intents of the highly manipulative religious leaders and their communities. A brief probe into the contemporary clashes spurred on religious grounds would reveal a series of non exhaustive and disheartening events that history has witnessed over the years, some of which are still ongoing, such as the clash between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir, India, Jews and Palestinians in the Middle East, Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, and the fearsome Taliban in Afghanistan. Sack’s book provides a stimulating and elevated view of his religious perceptions that seek to promote inter – cultural congeniality and benevolence. The author, being a staunch follower of Judaism: an orthodox Jew is highly religious and yet disapproves of overbearing display of one’s religious beliefs and its imposition on the followers of other faiths. His position as the chief rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth1 and his approach towards following one’s own cultural values in a multicultural environment enables him to confront and enlighten aggravating

Police pursuits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Police pursuits - Essay Example e inability to control pursuits resulting in problems to the public have become a common phenomena and it is high time that clearcut tactics, legislation and policies are formulated and executed in this regard. The question is whether the police pursuits add to public security or public misery. The moral question is whether the benefits derived from a successful chase would compensate for the concomitant risk to public health and safety. Lack of applicable standards to decide whether the police pursuit was for the right cause or to prove that the police officers have not shown any neglect of duty of care is the major drawback related to police pursuits. The policy pursuits very often result in liabilities for accidents, or litigation for injury to personal and property. Viola king in this regard remarks that â€Å"...officer liability in police pursuits arises only when the police vehicle actually impacts the other vehicles.† (King, Viola.) Thus, it is clear that the police do not have to take the liability for any accidents which are not directly caused due to their pursuits. But the officers have to be judicious enough to decide and employ high speed chases only when it is necessary. If the police ask a speeding car to stop and it doesn’t, it is well within the officer’s jurisdiction to pursue it. The high rate of crashes, injuries and deaths during police pursuits has not set a positive note for the department from the public. In a survey conducted by John Hill, it was found that, by and large, the public did not want to be passerby during high speed pursuits. Although 58 % of them felt that it was morally right for the officer to stop a speeding vehicle, and if the vehicle did not stop, it was well within their right to chase it. But when the question came as to whether the officer was justified in hot pursuit if it involved danger to public health and safety, the proportion who justified police pursu it, dropped from over 58 % to just 29%. (Karen, J.

Automated Library Management System Essay Example for Free

Automated Library Management System Essay The intuition for this system was the observations done in the libraries which had the old card and paper system. By considering the students’ opinions regarding the difficulties they face in order to search a book from their respective institutions libraries, as it takes plenty of time to do so. Also for the librarians, as it takes them a lot of time to properly manage the books, along with their details. So there was a system required which could replace the old paper and card system and could ease the students or anyone who wants to search for a book from their nearby library. Most importantly a database, that would be ideal for a library upgrading from a card or paper system where they have a card for each piece of book, a database that would also benefit a library where all students’ records are still on a paper basis. With this Library Management System, librarians will be able to monitor and manage library’s inventory more efficiently and will be able to perform all of the main library operations. Keywords_ _ Automated, ISBN, LINUX, Microsoft Visual Studio, OS and SDLC. Introduction The library is one of the oldest types of institutions in our society. It is in the midst of rapid change in recent times. The changes reflect those going on in other institutions and also in the society as a whole. Hence, they must move beyond their traditional role as custodians of books and integrate new methods of storage and transmission of information into an already existing structure. Modern libraries, have already adapted to this change, but countries like Pakistan, many of its great educational institutions still have old paper-card system 1|Page in their libraries. This automated system is designed in order to facilitate all those libraries with the old systems. Hopefully with all of the changes, it would make the libraries run much more smoothly. With less time spent filling out paperwork, more time can be devoted to serving the customers and maintaining the potentially vast amount of books held in the library. The next sections of the paper include; Literature review, Methodology and Conclusion. An Automated Library Management System; Eradicating the Old Styled Libraries Literature Review Library automation may be defined as the application of automatic and semi-automatic data processing machines (computers) to perform traditional library housekeeping activities such as acquisition, circulation, cataloguing and reference and serial control. Finally, library automation is the process of performing all information operations/ activities in library with the help of computers and related information technologies. The history of library automation in the world is not an old one. It dates back to 1950s and 1960s in America and Europe. Malik in [5] states that, in Pakistan, library automation was introduced in 1980s and a number of libraries have been computerized in or after 1987. Dilroshan in [6] says that automating a library is only the first step. Keeping up with new trends in information and communication technology is also of paramount importance. If the libraries fail to meet these challenges successfully the tremendous investment that universities have made in their library collections and facilities will be seriously undermined. Salma et al in [3] has conducted comparative research study on the management of University of the Western Cape library, South Africa and Dhaka University library, Bangladesh. Salma et al in [3] suggests that the two studied libraries can improve service delivery if they vigorously promote fund raising activities, improve salaries and allowances of the library staff, and speed up and complete the highly advanced computerization of delivered services. Qutab et al in [1] explored the fact that only 52 of the thousands of universities, colleges, and 2|Page schools in Pakistan have their library pages on parent organizations websites, only one public library website was functional, and only eight special library web sites were uploaded, is proof of the lack of interest or awareness of the importance of web-based services in the country. Tiwari in [4] sees automation in nineties as an increasingly divergent issue, in terms of resources, skills and abilities. Over the past few years, library automation has undergone a dramatic shift in direction. Library automation began with in-house processing of traditional task and grew to include the use of computing and telecommunication tools. Now there is a library without walls which uses technology to expand services, resources and relationship between libraries and resources around the world. This virtual library is a reality. A world of digital information is just a keystroke away claims IBM digital library. The future of library automation system will include information kiosks, where people with no computer experience can access information easily. Information scientists will create human computer interfaces and library scientists will manage the resources. Haider et al in [2] explains that barriers to the effective implementation in the libraries of Pakistan are: systematic planning for automation, software and hardware collection, nonexistence of standards, financial limitations, uncertainty and most important lack of willing and competent human resources. In order to resolve the situation, we stress that special attention needs to be paid to: formulation of information policy; creation An Automated Library Management System; Eradicating the Old Styled Libraries of popular awareness with regard to technology in library operation; training and development of staff; organization of users educational program for students and teachers; and emphasis on comprehensive planning by individual library to automate the library operations. ? Design and Architecture Flow Chart: Methodology After the thorough analysis of the problems, designing of Library Management System was initiated. SDLC phases were used for the development of this system. Requirements Engineering We decided to create a database that can help organize a library by performing the main functionalities of the normal library. It would be ideal for a library upgrading from a card number. It would also benefit a library where all employee records are still on a paper basis as well including all hire paperwork. There will be main modules of searching, registering and reserving that will be covered in the database in order to accomplish the targeted goal. Fig. 1 depicts one of the modules’, Searching, requirements. The system does not include the functionality of renewing books. Fig. 2 Above given diagram is the main description of the system that after the successful login, both of the users; librarian and student will have their different interfaces for the searching purpose, different but having same functionality. After selecting the subject category, users will be able to search the respective book by its author name and its title, corresponding details will be displayed on the screens. Fig. 3 depicts the original working for it: Fig. 1 Fig. 3 3|Page An Automated Library Management System; Eradicating the Old Styled Libraries ? Implementation The designed system was then implemented in Microsoft Visual Studio. Other than searching, main modules of Updating Books and Students information and registration of students are displayed in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. obtained after the Acceptance Testing, that the system was accepted widely by both of its user’s students and librarians and the results showed that they both found it very easy to use. 100% 80% 60% Students 40% 20% 0% Librarians Easy Moderate Difficult Fig. 6 Fig. 4 Fig. shows the results obtained after Automated Testing, the system designed is user friendly and is a desktop system; it will successfully run on any PC and Laptop, other than the ones with LINUX OS. 120% 100% 80% 60% 40% Acceptable Fig. 5 ? Testing After the successful formation of required and designed system, it went through different testing techniques. In Acceptance Testing readiness of system was checked wh ether it is acceptable by users or not, In Compatibility Testing performance of the system was tested in different working conditions and in Automated Testing it was checked whether it is well-matched with different OS or not. Fig. 6 shows the results 4|Page 20% Not Acceptable 0% PCs Laptops LINUX OS Fig. 7 Conclusion From the above discussion it is clear that Pakistan is on its way towards modernization of university libraries in all respect but still requires more efforts to quench the information thirst of their patrons. The system designed is beneficent An Automated Library Management System; Eradicating the Old Styled Libraries for all of those libraries, especially for university libraries which still have old paper-card system. This system will be a great initiative for all such libraries, which cannot afford high budget Automated Systems. With this low budget and easily used system, those libraries will be able to have an automated system which would be, for sure very advantageous for the users, either students or the librarians. The testing methods revealed that this system designed is user friendly and its users will be facing no such difficulties in order to operate it. Systematic utilization and categorization of this systems’ budget according to the needs of the respective libraries has also been kept as an important aspect for the achievement of betterment, which is the aim of the system. he University Western Cape Library and Dhaka University Library†. (PhD thesis), (2006). [4] Tiwari Aravind_ â€Å"Evaluation of electronic libraries. † New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation, (2002). [5] Malik Khalid Mahmood_ â€Å"Status of library automation in Pakistan. † PLBXXVI (1), pp. 24-25, (1995). [6] Dilroshan, T. L. Chrishantha_ â€Å"Identification of problems faced by university libraries in the process of automation: with special reference to the libraries of Moratuwa and Colombo Universities. † Sri Lanka Journal of Librarianship and Information Management vol. 1, no. 2. pp 82, (1992). Acknowledgements We acknowledge to every person who gave us something to light our pathway for completion of our desired goal; we truly thank them for believing in us. References [1] Qutab, Saima ; Khalid Mehmood_ â€Å"Library web sites in Pakistan: an analysis of the content†. Emerald, Vol. 43 No. 4 pp. 430-445, (2009). [2] Haider, Jala-ud-Din Syed_ â€Å"Library management scenario ; management problems in Pakistani libraries†. Library Administration ; Management, vol. 21, no. 4, Fall 2007. pp. 173-176, (2007). [3] Chaudry, Salma_ â€Å"The management of academic libraries: a comparative study of 5|Page

Autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder Autism spectrum disorder Introduction Autism is an overall term which is used to describe a group of complicated brain developmental disorder which is also called pervasive developmental disorder. There are other pervasive developmental disorders which include pervasive developmental disorder which is not yet specified, Asperngers syndrome, Rett syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder. This group of disorders is collectively referred to as Autism spectrum disorders (Morgan, Jones Jordan, 2001). Prevalence rate The prevalence rate of the disorder is estimated to be about 0.7% among children making it more prevalent than child cancer, juvenile diabetes, and pediatric AIDS. It is reported that around 1.5 millions of persons living in the United States and other numerous millions of people around the world are suffering from autism. The United States government figures show that the prevalence of autism among its population has been rising every year. The reason for the increase has not been found, but improved diagnosis and environmental influence are considered to be the cause for the increased awareness. Male children have been reported to be more prone to the disorder as compared to the female children and are diagnosed with the condition quite frequently. In the United States it is estimated that around 1% of the boys are diagnosed with the disorder (Ehlers Gillberg, 1993) Symptoms Every individual who is diagnosed with autism has unique signs which cannot be compared to that observed in another individual. This is so because autism is a combination of disorders, one persons condition can be very severe with the other person having a slight one. The commonly observed signs in individuals with autism include seizure disorders, gastrointestinal problems, mental retardation and illness. Explanations for the existence of these problems in individuals having autism are not known. It is possible to state that these additional conditions observed is evidence of various forms of autism with each being caused by different factors (Haley, 2006). Although the conditions listed above are quite commonly observed in individuals having autism as compared to those people who do not have autism, they are not observed in everybody suffering from autism. The other symptoms observed include social and communication symptoms, sensory and motor symptoms, and personality differences (Rudy, 2009).Autistic spectrum disorders have a common social interactions, communication, and imagination which are linked to stiff, continual prototype of manners. It usually begins at birth or at the fist three years of life, but can also start later on during the childs life. The triad of symptoms can be noticed at all levels of intelligence and can be observed alone or accompanied with some other physical or even psychological disorder (Editorials. 2009) Causes The main cause of autism is not yet established with the researchers citing the main cause being idiopathic. Since the disorder has varying severity and the clinical signs associated with it, it is suggested that the condition has various causes (Novella, 2008). Researchers suspect a cocktail of factors which might be considered to cause autism and they include multiple genetic components which might cause autism alone or when combined with other environmental factors which are not yet determined (Wing Gould, 1979) The time at which the child might have got exposed to these factors is also significant, for example, before birth, during birth or even after the child is already born. Very few cases of autism can be associated with genetic disorders like Fragile X, Tuberous Sclerosis, and Angelmans syndrome. Exposure to environmental factors which are infectious like maternal rubella or cytomegalovirus, or chemicals like thalidomide or valporate at the time of pregnancy (Ehlers Gillberg, 1993) There is an increasing interest among researchers on the function of immune system in the control of autism. There have been suggestions that autism may involve inflammation in the central nervous tissues (Wing Potter, 2008). Animal studies have also produced evidence on how the immune system of the body can influence symptoms which are linked to autism. There have been organized autism talks which aim at increasing the level of awareness and also investigations of useful immunological facts to researchers who are not in that field and those within the field of autism at the community level (Haley, 2006). Previously, autism was believed to be caused by bad parenting as was proposed by Dr. Leo Kanner in 1943. Because the definitive causes of autism is not yet established, it has become clear that bad parenting is not one of the possible causes of the disorder. Dr. Bernard Rimland who founded the Autism Society of America and the Autism Research Institute enabled the medical community to appreciate that autism does not come about as a result of cold parents but from biological origin (Mauro, 2009) Reasons for the recent awareness According to the professionals in the field of child development in Britain, there has been increase in the number of children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. Dr. Kanner was the first person to characterize autism when he described it as a condition in a certain group of children with a strange pattern of behavior noticed after birth or before attaining the age of 30 months. He later referred to the condition as early infantile autism (Editorials. 2009) Many clinicians have a feeling that there has been an increase in the number cases of autism as compared to the past. Some current studies have showed high prevalence rates for autism. According to California health and human services agency report between the years 1987 to 1998, a period in which the research was done, there was rise in the number of individuals diagnosed with the disorder (Morgan, Jones Jordan 2001). Conclusion can therefore be made that the increase in the number of individuals reported with autistic spectrum disorders can be attributed to changes in referral patterns and in the methods of diagnosis, and the much knowledge of the different manifestations of the autistic conduct (Ownby, 2008).There might also be changes in the prevalence rates either locally and internationally with the cause not being known. Failure to carry out properly resourced prevalence studies, the condition of the disorder is likely to remain bleak (Mauro, 2009) Conclusion The evidence for the increase in the autistic spectrum is not yet clear because various researches has showed conflicting figures relating to the prevalence of the disorder. The condition still requires a lot of research work to shed light in its causes, prevalence rates and its management. References : Editorials (2009). Autistic spectrum disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/312/7027/327 Ehlers, S. Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome: a total population Study,Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34 (8), pp. 1327-1350. Haley, B. (2006). Vaccines and the changing epidemiology of autism. Child Care Health Dev. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://www.whale.to/a/autism_diagnosis.html Mauro, T. (2009). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://specialchildren.about.com/od/gettingadiagnosis/g/Autism.htm Morgan, H., Jones, H. Jordan R. (2001). A Guide to Services for Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorders for Commissioners and Providers. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://autism.bibliomaker.ch/BM_DIRECTORY/H/BM000001710/7723/JOR3.pdf` Novella, S. (2008). The Increase in Autism Diagnoses: Two Hypotheses. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from:http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=95 Rudy, L. J. (2009). A Definition of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from:http://autism.about.com/od/autismterms/f/defautism.htm Ownby, M. H. (2008). Raising Autism Awareness. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://autismaspergerssyndrome.suite101.com/article.cfm/raising_autism_awareness Wing, L. Potter, D. (2008). Notes on the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders. Retrieved on 15th December, 2009 from: http://www.nas.org.uk/nas/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=364a=2618 Wing, L. Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction: and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9 (1), pp. 11-29.

Two Digital Visual Artists Essay -- Art Theory Artists

Two Digital Visual Artists Visual art practises have been around since the foundation of mans existence, also mans constant drive for progression is also evident. These practises continue to grow, not only in the arts but also in every area of mans life. From the beginning we had cave drawings or finger paintings. These creations are interpreted by individuals today who may not understand why, who, when or how, but realise that these creations may have lead others to doing likewise. From these basic artworks, concepts are derived, and questions are asked, certain ideas and improvements are thought up. Other individuals advance on the paints or the surface which are used, styles, colours, tools, and others resources, all improving on the other to acquire a cleaner, sharper, stronger, darker, lighter overall better image that the artist wants to portray. These endless improvements carry on evolving to this present time. The tools may have changed but the concepts are still the same. We draw or paint or create something to share a story, to share a feeling, to share an inner most desire, with personal boundaries and trust that others may see the reasons, the lessons or the feelings, without intolerance. Visual art practises are constantly changing, from the basic images of the cavemen to the cyber poetry of this post modern era. This gradual change in technique and style in the visual arts scene, are shown in modern galleries of today. The technological advances have overwhelmed expectations in modern living compared to 20 years ago. Creative artists have taken hold of many of these advantages and run wild with them. Improving art from cave hand prints, to cave drawings, to cave painting, to sculpting, to painting on canvas a... ...m (2004): http://www.jimcampbell.tv/ HCAS (2001) â€Å"Rodney Chang† http://www.lastplace.com/rcstat.htm Hosfelt Gallery (2002): http://www.hosfeltgallery.com/Exhibits/2002/Campbell.html Mayfield, Kendra (2004): â€Å"Engineers Just Wanna Make Art† http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0%2C1284%2C62714%2C00.html O'Brien, John (2003) â€Å"Jim Campbell† http://artscenecal.com/ArticlesFile/Archive/Articles1997/Articles0697/JCampbell.html Chang, Rodney (1999) â€Å"Evolving Role of the Computerized Artist† http://www.lastplace.com/EXHIBITS/E2000Py/cartevolve.htm The Commonwealth Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (2002): â€Å"Report of the Contemporary Visual Arts and Craft Inquiry† http://www.dcita.gov.au/Article/0%2C%2C0_1-2_15-4_111225%2C00.html The Digital Artist.com (2002) â€Å"Dr. Rodney Chang (Pygoya)† http://www.thedigitalartist.com/artist.phtml?uid=rchang Two Digital Visual Artists Essay -- Art Theory Artists Two Digital Visual Artists Visual art practises have been around since the foundation of mans existence, also mans constant drive for progression is also evident. These practises continue to grow, not only in the arts but also in every area of mans life. From the beginning we had cave drawings or finger paintings. These creations are interpreted by individuals today who may not understand why, who, when or how, but realise that these creations may have lead others to doing likewise. From these basic artworks, concepts are derived, and questions are asked, certain ideas and improvements are thought up. Other individuals advance on the paints or the surface which are used, styles, colours, tools, and others resources, all improving on the other to acquire a cleaner, sharper, stronger, darker, lighter overall better image that the artist wants to portray. These endless improvements carry on evolving to this present time. The tools may have changed but the concepts are still the same. We draw or paint or create something to share a story, to share a feeling, to share an inner most desire, with personal boundaries and trust that others may see the reasons, the lessons or the feelings, without intolerance. Visual art practises are constantly changing, from the basic images of the cavemen to the cyber poetry of this post modern era. This gradual change in technique and style in the visual arts scene, are shown in modern galleries of today. The technological advances have overwhelmed expectations in modern living compared to 20 years ago. Creative artists have taken hold of many of these advantages and run wild with them. Improving art from cave hand prints, to cave drawings, to cave painting, to sculpting, to painting on canvas a... ...m (2004): http://www.jimcampbell.tv/ HCAS (2001) â€Å"Rodney Chang† http://www.lastplace.com/rcstat.htm Hosfelt Gallery (2002): http://www.hosfeltgallery.com/Exhibits/2002/Campbell.html Mayfield, Kendra (2004): â€Å"Engineers Just Wanna Make Art† http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0%2C1284%2C62714%2C00.html O'Brien, John (2003) â€Å"Jim Campbell† http://artscenecal.com/ArticlesFile/Archive/Articles1997/Articles0697/JCampbell.html Chang, Rodney (1999) â€Å"Evolving Role of the Computerized Artist† http://www.lastplace.com/EXHIBITS/E2000Py/cartevolve.htm The Commonwealth Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts (2002): â€Å"Report of the Contemporary Visual Arts and Craft Inquiry† http://www.dcita.gov.au/Article/0%2C%2C0_1-2_15-4_111225%2C00.html The Digital Artist.com (2002) â€Å"Dr. Rodney Chang (Pygoya)† http://www.thedigitalartist.com/artist.phtml?uid=rchang