Lord of the Flies – Reflection of Society

In society, people have the ability to become violent no matter the personality of the individual. Brutality is in all animal species. The only difference between humans and the animals is the ability of the human mind to control one's thoughts and actions, however, even this ability can be lost if presented with a situation that becomes so stressful or so outrageous that the mind is no longer in control. This is exactly what happens in the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Within this book people will find exactly how brutal a human being can become when the boys are trapped on an island with no other adults with them. This book proves without a doubt that all individuals have the natural capacity for brutality. Jack was already a destructive person before the boys ever became stranded on the island, however, he somehow is driven to kill. Jack was considered a likeable guy that was admired and feared by many. Jack could easily be described as a popular football star or a popular person in today's world. Jack, after not getting his way, decides he will form his own group of boys to be against the other group. This begins the destructive course of society much like it happens today. He takes a group and tries to overthrow the other by force and deception. Roger is just pure evil. A person can only wonder how such a boy could have been on a plane and not in a mental institute. Roger seems to be the one feared mostly for his insanity. The best example of his capacity for brutality occurs when he decides to kill Piggy with a falling boulder. In the beginning of the book, he only tossed rocks at people but never hit them. Now, as time has past, he has lost all control of his mind and now seems only to act on instinct, survival being one of the instincts he follows the most. Piggy and Ralph seem to be the only level headed people on the entire island so it might be hard to conceive them causing harm to anyone or letting their instincts of survival take control of them. However, this is exactly what happened. Ralph's group was so scared that Jack's group may attack them, when Simon came to give them some information, Ralph's group killed him. They only killed Simon because they believed he was from Jack's group or the beast coming to get them. It was not until after they killed Simon that they noticed what had happened. The strangest thing about this is that Ralph and Piggy, the most level headed of the group, participated in killing Simon. Ralph and Piggy, despite their rational behavior, became irrational when they fear the worse. Fear is definitely one of the biggest factors that cause people to take action rather than thinking about the consequences. The only character that can be considered non brutal would have to be Simon. Simon played a very important role in this book because was the one that could see what others could not see. The most ironic twist in the story was when he was killed. Before he met his fate, he was talking with the cut off head of a pig that Jack's group gave to the beast as a sort of â€Å"sacrifice. † The pig told him that the anger within them, the boys on the island, would end up destroying them. As Simon comes back to tell them what he had been told, he was killed by his own group in fear that he was the beast or part of Jack's group. The killing of Simon seemed to symbolize the end of innocence and humanity. The one person that could have saved them all was killed out of instinct and fear. William Golding probably had Simon killed because no one listens. Take a look at today's society. Why would anyone believe in a person that talks to a pig's head for advice? Also, most people today does not or will not stop and listen to those who are trying to help. Once people reach that point of no return, nothing, not even a friend could help them. This seems to be the belief of Golding. Golding has brought out much or his views on life in this book. Lord of the Flies gives a good view on today's society and how society might react in such a situation. The book also gives insight into human nature and what humans are capable of when there is nothing left but fear and survival. With Golding being part of a great war he definitely understands more than most what people will do from the battlefield. All the rules change while on the battlefield just as when the boys were stranded on the island. Golding seems to be leaving a message for all of mankind to see and perhaps a warning of things to come.

Google Search

How does Google search engine works which search engine Is the best..? Yahoo Bing Yandex Fine.. Let's Google It! we know that Google tops the list without giving a second thought.. Let's see how It works. The web contains over 30 trillion pages and It keeps on increasing. To understand our query and to provide the most relevant solution is definitely not an easy task. So how do they pull it together? Google uses a automated program called Spiders or Crawlers.Spiders begin by fetching the data from a few web pages and then it follows the links on those pages and then follow the links on those pages and so on until a pretty big portion of the web Is linked. These pages are stored on millions of computers and have about million of ggabytes. The pages are sorted by their content and other factors and they are kept track of in the index. There are several algorithms and programs to understand and deliver the best posslbe result.Algorithms Ilke autocomplete, spelling, synonyms, query under standing etc are used to understand what the user actually want. Then using these Information the most relevant pages are sorted out based on over 200 factors. These factors Include site and page quality, freshness,This blends the relevant Images, videos, data and personal content Into a single unified search results page. After all these factors are evaluated and a fine list of search results are obtained they are Olspla to tne user. The next stage is to fight the spam off The site owners will be notified if their site is marked as spam. The siteowners could then fix the problem. And the best part is that all these things happen in Just 118th of a second and Google could support about 100 billion searches each month..!

May 3, 1808 by Francisco Goya Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

May 3, 1808 by Francisco Goya - Term Paper Example The massacre was a violent act that must have left a strong impression on the artist as there are two paintings in existence about the events, one for the fight on May 2nd and the other depicting the events of May 3rd. Whenever an action of war usurps the freedom of a region, resistance becomes the only way in which to fight the occupying armies. As most under armed and poorly manned military resistance goes when attempted by civilians, the rebellion was put down within a day even though French blood was spilled. In order to reassert power and order, the French occupying army arrested and quickly executed those who were most prominent in the uprising. The power of that event and the consequences that followed appeared to have inspire this painter to commemorate the event through the artist medium that was his skill. According to the evidence that the painting presents, the idea that Goya witnessed the events is highly probable. The emotions on the canvas not only provide a tale of the heroism of the rebels, but it shows the despair and the fear that would beyond the romanticism that might be found in a piece that is only documenting what might have happened, rather than the details of what did happen on that sorrowful day. The French army is clearly considered the enemy as they stand in a row that is rigid and without individuality, while the Spanish rebels are shown having individual responses and movement, thus giving them a more human appearance. The French are shown as a unit, a single tide of destruction, where the Spanish are men, vulnerable and The piece is one of two works of art created to commemorate the infamous date and actions of that heroic rebellion. The companion piece, The Second of May 1808, shows a fury of movement with no central action taking the focus of the work. This suggests that a point of view was found by the artist that expressed the confusion and excess of activity that was difficult to process into one focal moment.

Sciavo Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sciavo - Case Study Example Later in the year 1990, Mrs. Shiavo was diagnosed with a â€Å"Persistent Vegetative State† (PVS). Her husband Mr. Schiavo accepted that her condition was very critical, and her recovery was remote since all healthcare means had failed to revive her. He decided to work on what he assumed his wife would wish. He said my wife would not have chosen to continue being kept on an artificial life-supporting machine. Mrs. Shiavo’s parents strongly opposed her husband’s stand and subsequently one of the most popular ethical dilemmas unfolded (Perry,Churchill and Kirshner, 2005). This case spurred controversy in the legal, medical, ethical, political and social domains. The case threatened to loosen the long-standing legal and ethical positions, which enabled individuals to control medical interventions executed on them. After so many petitions, hearings and numerous appeals, the Florida Supreme Court sanctioned the feeding tube to be removed on 31 of March 2005 in spite of opposition from President George Bush and the Congress but she died on 31 of March 2005. Terri’s case resonated with other cases that obviously influenced the Supreme Court’s decision to have the feeding tube removed, which included, the case of â€Å"Karen Quinlan Ann in 1976,† â€Å"Paul Brophy in 1986,† and â€Å"Nancy Cruzan in 1990† in which the patients who didn’t have written advance directives. In all these cases, the courts viewed the freedom and privacy interest of the patients as supreme and thus, the judge argued that she would not hav e wished to continue living under life-prolonging measures all her life hence sanctioned the that the feeding tube be remove from her (Perry, Churchill and Kirshner, 2005) A number of legal considerations were put into perspective in the determination of this case. Firstly, she had not made any healthcare directive other than private conversations with her

Role of Barriers and Technology in Globalization Essay

Role of Barriers and Technology in Globalization - Essay Example The gradual reduction of these barriers has helped lead to the process of globalization by allowing for a more free flow goods & services across boundaries. However, according to Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003) the reduction of barriers is not an easy process. Often times it requires the passing of serious legislation and laws over long periods of time. From this perspective one could argue that globalization does not occur in leaps and bounds, rather it is a slow and arduous process insofar as there is not one moment that could be pinpointed as the catalyst for globalization. Moreover, the process requires a great deal of goodwill from nations to help ensure that nations remain in good standing with each other, such as the U.S. passing of the Mashall plan to help build Europe as a strong trading partner. Another major contributing factor of globalization is the role of technology. Much like the reduction of trade barriers there is no one single source of technological innovation that is the sole contributor of globalization. Rather it is a series of several new technologies that contribute to globalization. One of the major new technologies is improved communication channels. By having access to telephones, fax machines, email, the internet, instant messaging, mobile telephone devices etc., there comes an increased transparency.

Sec accredited investor for hedge funds PowerPoint Presentation

Sec accredited investor for hedge funds - PowerPoint Presentation Example According to this regulation, accredited investors are those individuals or group of investors who possess financial might and autonomy. These investors are legalized to invest in a higher risk investment such as hedge funds, limited partnerships, seed money, and private placements networks. It also refers generally to wealthy individuals and organizations such as insurance firms, banks, big charities, and some corporations who are allowed to invest in securities markets. These investors require very little protection offered by particular government filings. (Jaffer p. 134) As explained earlier, accredited investors are investors who are financially powerful and very rich individuals and to qualify as accredited investor, one must have at least one of the following: as an individual or together with his or her spouse must have a net worth more than $1 million. He or she must have stable financial income of more than $200,001 annually or a steady joint income of more than $300,000. One must be a director, general partner, or executive officer for the hedge fund . An employee benefit plan or a trust can qualify as accredited investors if the total asset exceeds $5 million. An American financial journalist known as Alfred W. Jones, in 1949, created the first Hedge fund. By then the funds were known to manage the investment risk due to dynamics in the financial markets. The number of hedge fund grew to over 200 by 1968. Hedge funds refer to privately managed accredited investment funds or securities markets. These are investments made in wide range of markets and large schemes and are bound by regulatory restrictions of a given country. In some countries like in U.S, the regulations restrict hedge fund involvement to certain group of accredited investors. These investments are quite flexible and often permit withdrawals or

Effect of Taxation on the Investment Decision in Firms Research Paper

Effect of Taxation on the Investment Decision in Firms - Research Paper Example The government dishes out sops to specific sectors and fulfills its task of generating enough growth in high risk sectors. The investment decision of firms depends upon various factors like the political will and stability, the infrastructure and the tax regime. The taxes levied on corporate investments also have a direct bearing on the profitability of these firms; hence they become a vital factor while taking any investment decisions. This therefore makes tax rates an important instrument with governments who manipulate it to ensure economic growth of a country. This paper examines the effect of taxes on investment decisions of the firms. It explains the various factors that affect firms functioning in the high risk taking sectors and the various instruments available with the government by which they can assist these firms to attain a better economic growth both for the firms and the country. In the end a case study of the steps taken to promote investments in the European Union amplifies the points made in the paper. The profits that a firm earns are directly affected by the rate of taxes that are levied on its produce. This has a bearing on its investment capacity. The poor infrastructure and institutional facilities combined with high tax rates can make any country a poor investment destination for firms. The tax system is an effective tool in the hands of the government to encourage those sectors which require investments of long gestational periods or poorly developed sectors where there is a need of capital investment. By altering the tax rates governments can shift the investments from more lucrative to high risk sectors by giving cuts in corporate tax and accelerated depreciation so as to increase the post tax profitability of the firm. This will lead to long run growth of the business as well as the economy. The effects of the proposed tax cuts like the capital gain tax, import duty exemption or local indirect taxes should be measured in relation to the expenditure change that they can offset. Such reductions in tax rates increase the firm's investment capability. Lower taxes help to reap a higher profit by the firms. The role of the government The government hands out large incentives to firms that are keen to invest in high risk sectors but which are good for the overall growth of the country. These sops can be in the form of tax holidays, import duty exemptions, exemption from custom duties etc. The firm's investment decision is greatly influenced by these tax exemptions. Other major factors that also affect the investments are the political and economic stability of the nation, infrastructure facilities, transport system, roads etc. These factors have an important bearing as they make the environment more conducive for investment, tax rebates are important but cannot be the sole incentive for investment. Especially in the case of MNC and FDI, studies reveal that the investors are mostly influenced by the market, political factors and tax rebates which are being offered. The government attracts foreign investment in targeted high risk

Any topic of your choosing from the study of law enforcement Research Paper

Any topic of your choosing from the study of law enforcement - Research Paper Example As such, they often apprehend criminals who are a menace to innocent citizens (Goldstein 12). This sparks hatred between the criminal gangs and police officers. In this situation, criminal gangs decree that police officers will be vulnerable when they are off work. This is partially owing to the protection from other officers while at work. Similarly, police officers are vulnerable when they are off work since they are not armed (Stering 33). This makes them an easy target. A number of cases have been reports where police officers are attacked at their place of residence. This is a challenge they face owing to their involvement in law enforcement. They are targeted since they limit the activities of criminal gangs. Police officers are considered one of the most stressed government officers. The stress levels in police officers increase owing to the indulgence in their work. They are required to work for long hours since they have to protect the nation throughout day and night (Forbes , 54). This leads to limited hours of sleep. This affects their lives, even when they are off duty. For example, their sleeping pattern is frequently distracted owing to the scope of their work. At times, the police officers are required to report on duty at night. As such, they often feel fatigued and tired. This could affect their family life. In most cases, police officers have families, which need their support and care. Consequentially, with such working conditions, the family support and care is jeopardized. The families have to persevere with such conditions, as it is almost impossible to rectify such a situation. In bizarre instances, it leads to neglect of the family since they do not have ample time with the family. The family could feel neglected since the police officer, who has a family is hardly present for the family. This will increase the stress levels of the police officers as they could have a guilty conscience. Police officers will often have stress concerning th eir job. As such, they would like to relieve their stress with the easiest possible means. Apparently, controlling stress to manageable levels is an indulging activity that needs time and dedication (Stering 19). For example, visiting a therapist will consume time and finances. As such, they revert to using alcohol and drugs. This behavior starts as a genuine solution to an incumbent problem. However, it exceeds to become a problem in itself. When the officers are drunk or high on drugs, they will have ease as they have solved some of their problems. Unfortunately, they get used to the behavior of using drugs and abusing alcohol most of the times they are stressed. This leads to addiction. This further deteriorates the situation as they depend on alcohols and drugs in solving and relieving their stress. As a fact, solving such a situation will require intervention from concerned parties. Bizarrely, some of the concerned parties do not have the time to reflect on the problems of the police officers (Raymond, 41). As such, they will continue with such behaviors. This ruins their life especially when they are off duty. For example, they will have to look for additional finances to sustain their alcohol and drug consumption. This will lead to uncouth behavior including corruption. Police officers are often dispatched to places marred with chaos, war and fighting between members of a society (Goldstein 23). At times, this is not a welcoming scene. Police

Green Washing and Its Effects on Consumer Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Green Washing and Its Effects on Consumer Perspectives Essay The term green washing denotes the use of false or misleading information concerning green marketing by companies to compel consumers to buy their products on the perception that the company is environmentally friendly. It involves the misleading use of green marketing to endorse a false perception that the company products or policies are environmentally friendly. Green washing has been growing in the recent years mainly due to the increasing demand for green products. Due to increasing concerns about global warming, consumers are increasingly demanding for economically responsible products (Hart, 1997). Companies that seek to survive have no option but to either provide these products or to fake them. Another reason why green washing is growing is due to the fact that the sales of green oriented products have increased. A study carried out in the United States showed that in 2007, 328 products labelled â€Å"environmentally friendly† were launched by major manufacturers. This was a significant increase as in 2002 only 5 products were labelled the same (Bansal Roth, 2000). The rise of green products in the market has forced companies to undertake green washing in order to compete effectively. Another reason why green washing is growing is that the communication of environmental messages is still not controlled by any industrial wide standards. Companies are free to disseminate information about their environmental policies without any restrictions hence they can provide misleading information at will. The final reason why green washing is common is that government action and regulation is still pending. An analysis by HSBC on passed and pending economic stimulus packages of 15 countries reported that over US $3 trillion is intended to stimulate economies for the next ten years (Bazzillier Vauday, 2009). A large percentage of this money will support environmental objectives. This situation has resulted in the increase of lobbying which in turn has resulted in a situation whereby companies have to hunt tactical opportunities that do not conform to their messages on environmental friendliness. Ways of Carrying out Green Washing There are several techniques of green washing employed by companies. Although only a few literatures exist on the subject, the basis of identifying these techniques is that proposed by the TerraChoice Environmental Group. The group did research on the manners with which companies mislead consumers about their environmental friendliness and came up with six ways which they dubbed â€Å"the six sins of green washing. † The first sin is â€Å"the sinof hidden trade off†. This involves the attempt by companies to promote a product as green by using only one environmental attribute or an intolerable narrow set of attributes disregarding other more important environmental issues. Although the claims are not false, they portray a â€Å"greener† picture of the product which cannot be supported by a full environmental analysis. The second sin is â€Å"the sin of no proof. † This involves all information disseminated by a company about environmental friendliness but cannot be validated by easily accessible supporting information. According to a study by Bazillier and Vauday (2009), communication of full CSR activities by companies to customers is impossible. As a result, two types of information communicated to consumers exist, hard and soft information. Hard information is that which can be verified by customers but tends to be costly while soft information is that which is readily available to consumers but cannot be verified.

Comparison of Cousin Kate and The Seduction Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Cousin Kate and The Seduction Essay After she has taken the decision about what to do about the lord, she hints that she regrets her relationship with the lord by asking questions. The girl in The Seduction also admits that she regrets her fling with the boy by asking questions, the tenth, eleventh and twelfth stanzas are all asking questions for example how did she feel betrayed? . Both of the poems make the reader feel sorry for the girls featured in them. The Seduction makes you feel sorry for the girl by using phrases such as and he muttered little slag and she sobbed in the cool locked, darkness of her room. From these phrases you learn that the girl is unaware of what the boy is really thinking about her. She also seems to be unaware that she could get pregnant. Cousin Kate makes you feel sorry for the maid by using phrases such as Not mindful I was fair and now I moan an unclean thing that might have been a dove. These phrases tell the reader that she was innocent and unaware of the consequences when she met the lord. I feel more sorry for the maid in Cousin Kate than the girl in The Seduction. This is because I feel that although the girl in The Seduction knew what she was doing was wrong, she did it anyway. She didnt have to have sex with him and although she liked him and it appeared that he liked her she should have known better. I feel more sorry for the maid because she says O cousin Kate my love was true, your love was writ in sand. She truly loved the lord, more than she believes Kate does. The maid also seems innocent. Another reason I feel sorry for the maid is even when she was with the lord, they didnt have a proper relationship, he didnt treat her very well. She felt like his plaything. She didnt mean anything to him. In The Seduction the atmosphere is conveyed well. In the beginning of the poem there is a sense that something will go wrong. Descriptive phrases such as the quiet bricks, far past the silver stream of traffic and far from the blind windows are a sign that things do not all go well. The adjectives are used to show that no one will be around to see whats going on. Another sign that something is going to go wrong is that the poem keeps reminding the reader that the girl is very drunk. We are twice reminded about the number of drinks shes had, these are he handed her the vodka and she knocked it back like water and as he bought her more drinks. The poem says she sat her head rolling forward. This shows that the girl is not in control of what she is doing. The imagery used in the poem is not very positive. The girl is said to be facing the frightening scum on the water. The use of frightening scum gives a very unpleasant image of the water. In the beginning of the poem the scum she faces is only on the top of that water, in the later stages of the poem, she feels the scum facing her is the rest of her life. The Mersey, green as a septic wound is also a negative simile. It gives a bad image of the setting, which gives an image of bad things to come. After the girl has discovered she is pregnant, the atmosphere is very powerful. Using strong verbs such as ripped and flung, cheated, creates this. At the end of the poem the girl is very depressed. She says: Better to starve yourself like a sick precocious child- Than to walk through town with a belly huge and ripe. We anticipate what will happen in the future. The atmosphere also changed in Cousin Kate. In the beginning of the poem the atmosphere is good. The maids says contented with my cottage mates which tells me that she is happy with her life before she met the lord. After this point she becomes angry and depressed. This is because the lord has left her for Kate. She becomes enraged and jealous. I believe that The Seduction is aimed at a younger audience than Cousin Kate. The Seduction uses much simpler language, although this could be because The Seduction was written much later. Both poems warn about pregnancy but The Seduction is easier to understand for people my age. I found The Seduction easier to understand and relate to because the language is more modern. In Cousin Kate the maid says the neighbours call you good and pure, call me an outcast thing. In The Seduction it says: And better now, to turn away, move away, fade away, Than to have the neighbours whisper that you always looked the type. In both examples the girls are worried about what other people (the neighbours) think of them. The mood of both poems is quite angry. In Cousin Kate, the mood changes from excitement to anger and jealousy. The maid is excited because about her future with the lord and their relationship. She is then angry about the lord leaving her to be with Kate. She is jealous of Kate because she took the lord away from her. However, the maid also feels quite proud because she has a son and Kate does not, she is smug. In The Seduction the mood also changes from excitement to anger. She too is excited about her relationship with the man. She is angry because the man left her, instead of feeling proud or smug at the end of the poem, she is depressed. The tones of the two poems are very different. In Cousin Kate, the writer (Rosetti) seems to be very sympathetic to the maid. She says that the maid has sex with the lord because she loves him and does not criticize her behaviour or suggest that she has done anything wrong by doing this. The tone of The Seduction however, does seem to criticize the girl. The writer (McAuley) seems to criticise the girls behaviour, she makes out that the girl deserves what happens. The phrase and he muttered little slag suggests this. I have found The Seduction easier to understand, mainly because the language is simpler and the images described are more modern. However I prefer the imagery used in Cousin Kate because I feel it is more original and interesting. I prefer phrases such as his plaything and his love and he wore me like a silken knot to his eyes as blue as iodine and green as a septic wound. On the other hand, I think the symbolism used in The Seduction is very effective, i. e. the confetti and the high white shoes. I feel that the main reason I prefer The Seduction is its easier to relate to for my age group. It is very hard to imagine what it would be like to be singled out by a great lord and then to be left for her cousin and having the lords baby on the way. I find it much easier to relate to The Seduction as I can understand how it must feel to have a one night stand and then become pregnant. 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

Nurse-led Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunisation

Nurse-led Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunisation Respiratory syncyital virus in pre-term babies. Setting up a nurse led clinic to give Synagis (immunisation) with implications for nursing practice. From the neonatal nurses view point. Introduction The respiratory syncytial virus is identified as a labile paramyxovirus which produces a histologically characteristic effect of causing fusion of human cells in tissue culture – hence the term â€Å"syncytial†. It is commonly sub-classified into types A and B. The B strain is generally asymptomatic in the majority of the population whereas the A subtype tends to produce the more severe illnesses which tend to predominate in the majority of clinically significant outbreaks (Bar-on ME et al 1996). It has an incubation period of 4-6 days and the infection typically lasts from 7-14 days, but does occasionally last up to three weeks. If it becomes necessary to hospitalise a child with respiratory syncytial virus infection, the admission period is typically 5-7 days.(Hentschel J et al 2005) Contagion in the form of virus shedding is its highest levels during days 2-4 of the illness but the active viral particles will continue to be shed for up to 14 days after the clinical onset of symptoms. The respiratory syncytial virus is known to affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts although the most clinically significant manifestations arise in lower respiratory tract infections, bronchiolitis and pneumonia being perhaps the most significant. Bronchiolitis is a particularly severe illness in the pre-term infant by virtue of the fact that it causes very significant small airways obstruction. (Sigurs N et al 1995) The respiratory syncytial virus is currently the commonest identified cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children under the age of three world-wide. Serological studies have identified that, at least in the UK, that virtually all children will have had at least one episode of infection by the age of three. In the infant and neonate age groups, it is currently the numerically largest cause of both pneumonia and bronchiolitis (Krilov L R et al 1997), and is also thought to play a role (as yet not fully understood), in the aetiology of both asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease.(Pullan C R et al 1998) For those patients who have concurrent immunodeficiency states it is a very significant cause of both morbidity and mortality (Long C E et al 1995) Clinical presentation In our considerations here we shall confine our discussion to those clinical manifestations common in the neonatal group and accept that the comments made do not necessarily apply to those older children and adults who may also contract the virus. The respiratory syncytial virus is currently the commonest cause of pneumonia in young children with the greatest preponderance in the under three age range. (Jeng M-J et al 1997) The initial phases of an infection are generally characterised by symptoms of a transient upper respiratory tract infection such as runny nose, watery eyes and mild pyrexia. This typically progresses to produce symptoms of cough, wheeze (although this may be absent in the neonate), high pyrexia, dyspnoea, central cyanosis – characterised by a bluish tinge to the skin, lips and fingernails, increased respiratory rate and occasionally visible utilisation of the accessory muscles of respiration and sub-costal retraction, all of which indicate lower respiratory tract involvement. (Brunell P A 1997). In severe cases it can progress to the point of respiratory failure. In the context of our discussion here, these developments can be extremely dangerous in the pre-term infant who has significantly smaller airways than older children or adults, and also less in the way of respiratory reserve, so that any embarrassment of the respiratory function is of proportionally greater clinical significance. (Graham S M et al 2002) Particular risk factors for a severe bout of the disease are: Prematurity Young age (especially those less than six weeks old) Pre-existing heart conditions (congenital malformations) Pre-existing lung conditions (bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis ) Immune system malfunction Low socio-economic status and especially those who live in Overcrowded housing conditions Passive exposure to cigarette smoke Day care or childcare attendance Presence of older children in the same household Lack of innate immunity from failure to breast feed. (after Thompson et al. 2003) Mode of infection After each bout of infection the body develops a degree of immunity to the virus. This is less of a factor in the neonate, whose immune system has not developed to the same degree as in the older child. In the pre-term infant , the immune response is (in practical terms) almost non-existent. In any event the immunity is never complete as the virus is capable of subtle mutations of its protein coat which allows it to partially evade the immune system. Re-infections are common but they do tend to be less severe than the original attack. (Panicar J, et al 2004) The mode of spread is through droplet spread and from direct contact with infected nasal or oral fluids. It can enter the body most easily through the epithelial surfaces of the eyes and nose. Epidimiology The respiratory syncytial virus produces characteristic patterns of infection which are epidemics of up to five months duration. They typically occur in the winter months and records show (since 1990) that they typically begin in the time span between October to mid-December with a marked peak in January and February. In the UK, the respiratory syncytial virus is responsible for about 125,000 episodes of hospitalisation (Leader S et al 2002).and about 2,500 deaths (NCHS 2002). These factors are of particular importance in our considerations when we are considering the timing of any protection programme. These figures translate into the fact that 20% of all hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections are due to respiratory syncytial virus infections, and if looked at as an annual incidence rate, admission for respiratory syncytial virus infection is currently 28.3 per 1,000 infants and 1.3 per 1,000 for children under the age of 4 years. (Muller-Pebody B et al 2002) The highest rate of clinically significant infection occurs at ages between 2 and 6 months with a significant peak in the 2-3 month age range. Respiratory syncytial virus is typically brought into the home by an older (school age) child who then passes it onto the younger child in the family. In child care and crà ¨che facilities it is quite common to observe 100% infection rates in both children and staff. On a practical note, respiratory syncytial virus infection has also been seen to spread throughout a hospital environment infecting patients and staff alike. (Shay, D K et al 2001), We shall specifically consider the implications of vaccination later in this essay, but there are other issues of prevention that require examination. We have already discussed the mode of common infection through the respiratory and ocular epithelial surfaces. It follows that there are certain measures which, while not eradicating the possibility of spread, will certainly help to reduce it. In the home environment, it is sensible to frequently wash hands after coming into contact with nasal or oral secretions and before handling a young child. Frequent handwashing will reduce the risk of contamination by direct spread. School age children should be kept as separate as practically possible from a neonate if they have symptoms of a â€Å"cold†. Sneezing into a handkerchief will also help to reduce the possibility of droplet transmission. In its droplet form, the virus will live on household surfaces for many hours and is therefore still capable of transmission. In terms of the work of the neonatal community nurse, such patient education should be seen both as part of an empowerment and education programme every bit as much as a prophylactic measure for the neonate. (Hogston, R et al 2002). In the more controlled environment of a hospital, it is possible to institute barrier measures if there is significant risk such as the immuno-compromised patient or the child at risk with congenital heart disease. Frequent pre-touching hand washing is essential to help prevent cross transmission (Ng D K et al 2000). Specific preventative treatments Palivizumab ( or Synagis – Trade name) is a medication that is commonly given to infants at highest risk of complications of respiratory syncytial virus infection, for example those who were born prematurely or those with chronic heart and lung disease. It is given by monthly injection through the at-risk winter months and provides significant levels of protection. This protection however, is comparatively short lived and has to be repeated on a yearly basis until the child is judged to be no longer at high risk of significant sequelae of infection. (PPTI 2005). It is also extremely expensive. (see on). Palivizumab is the first of what may become a series, of monoclonal antibodies, which have been developed to specifically target and combat one specific infection. Its current indications include prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused specifically by the respiratory syncytial virus. There are currently a number of papers that have studied its safety and efficacy in a number of situations such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), infants with a history of premature birth (≠¤35 weeks gestational age), and children with hemodynamically significant CHD. (Meissner H C et al 1999), Technically it is a humanised monoclonal antibody of IgG1k type which is produced by recombinant DNA methods. It targets an A antigenic site of the F-protein covering of the virus. It is primarily derived from human antibody sequences and has two light and two heavy chains with a molecular weight of about 148,000 Daltons. The viability of nurse-led respiratory syncytial virus immunisation programme. >From the literature and the evidence that we have presented so far we can point to the fact that the respiratory syncytial virus is a significant risk to neonates, especially those who have significant risk factors for the development of lower respiratory tract complications. (Berwick D 2005) Although we specifically have not considered treatment in this essay, we should note that, in the context of a discussion on the role of prophylaxis, that the treatments available for neonate infection with respiratory syncytial virus are severely limited. In the words of Jon Friedland, an eminent professor of infectious diseases in London: Treating respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis remains a good example of therapeutic nihilism — nothing works except oxygen. Adrenaline, bronchodilators, steroids, and ribavirin all confer no real benefit. (quoted in Handforth J et al 2004) If we accept that this is the case and we also accept the significant morbidity and mortality rates quoted earlier in this essay, then it clearly makes sense to consider the role of prophylaxis in respiratory syncytial virus infections. It clearly therefore also makes sense to consider what active measures can be taken in order to try to reduce the possibility of infection or prevent the damaging and serious sequelae of infection. Sadly, this is far from straightforward. One could reasonably hope that a immunologically based vaccine would have been developed to help with this problem. Despite the fact that the first formalin inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine was developed over forty years ago, progress in this field appears to have been painfully slow. Recently published literature on the subject of the effect of vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus found that there was no significant benefit conferred in terms of preventing either the infection or the complications. (Simoes E A et al 2001). We should note that this was not a small study but a meta-analysis of five major studies on the subject and therefore has considerable weight if we are considering an evidence base for our findings. (Green J et al 1998). If we accept the premise that a successful respiratory syncytial virus vaccine should be able to prevent severe lower respiratory tract disease and the morbidity consequent upon it, and should also ideally protect against both A and B strains of the virus, we would also have to postulate that it would have to be given directly after birth in order to prevent immediate primary infection form the environment. In general terms, this presents the nub of the problem as neonates have very poorly developed immune response mechanisms and the bulk of their immunity is passively derived form the trans-placental maternal antibody production and the immunoglobulins present in the maternal milk. (Kim H W et al 1969). Active immunisation in very early life proves to be fruitless, as the immature neonatal immune system cannot generally produce either an adequate T-cell response or effective antibody levels. It is also the case that the maternal antibodies themselves, also interfere with the infant’s ability to mount an antibody response of its own. (Clements M L et al 1996) In order to combat these problems there are a number of immunological strategies currently under investigation. One strategy is to vaccinate the mother during the third trimester in order to try to boost the naturally occurring antibodies and thereby increase the natural passive immunity. This is unlikely to give significant immunity beyond the first six weeks of birth unless the child is breast fed, in which case the immunity would last for longer (see below). It would however, have the advantage of protecting the most vulnerable individuals at a critical time. Initial trials of this method using a purified F protein subunit vaccine was found to be safe in a trial of 35 third trimester vaccinations. (Munoz FM et al 2003). The trial showed a disappointing, but detectable, response and the infants had increased IgG against respiratory syncytial virus up until 9 months of age. Clearly this strategy would be ineffective against children born with a significant degree of prematurity and who therefore, are at greatest risk A second approach was tried with live attenuated genetically modified vaccine. This approach was found to work in adults and older children but could not be sufficiently attenuated to produce a safe and sufficient response in neonates. (Piedra P A 2003). The third approach was to try live recombinant viral vectors which expressed respiratory syncytial virus proteins. Thus far, the results have been disappointing both in terms of immunogenicity and there are also safety concerns with iatrogenic oncogene activation. (Haller A A et al 2003) In terms of our potential nurse run clinic, all of these options have very significant drawbacks and none are therefore likely to represent a realistic immunisation option. Clarke (S J et al 2000) suggest that although huge strides have been taken with a number of vaccine products – especially the live attenuated vaccines, it will probably be a minimum of another decade before routine effective vaccination becomes widely available. It is perhaps because of this failure to present a solution of a vaccine that has caused researchers to examine other avenues of investigation for workable prophylactics. A line of investigation into passive immunity with IV hyperimmune globulins against respiratory syncytial virus has shown positive results in initial trials against preventing severe forms of respiratory complications in high risk children (Groothuis J R et al 1999). This particular formulation can only be given intravenously and therefore is of limited use outside of a hospital environment. It is clearly of no use in a community setting. The other line of passive immunity has developed into the intramuscular form of IgG humanised monoclonal antibody described above (palivizumab). Clinical trials already published have already shown that monthly injections of palivizumab in high risk infants have been able to reduce the hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus-related disease by more than 50% (IRSVSG 1998). This was a well designed double-blind placebo controlled randomised study and, in addition to apparently demonstrating its efficacy, it also showed an impressive safety record. This particular formulation appears to have a very good side-effect profile and clinical experience appears to confirm the initial trial results. Given the fact that respiratory syncytial virus places a heavy financial and economic burden on the NHS, a 50 % reduction in these levels is quite substantial. Cost-effectiveness is clearly a major question in any consideration of a national vaccination programme and studies elsewhere in Europe, (Roeckl-Wiedmann I et al 2003) have called into question the costings and have therefore also called into question the need for further evaluation. These considerations are given further credence if we consider the fact that if we take as a marker the number of hospital laboratory reports of respiratory syncytial virus, there appears to be a marked downward trend in the UK between 1990 and 2003. (Fleming D M et al 2003). It may be that there are other active factors here such as changes in clinical or laboratory practice, but it would appear to reflect a definite downward trend. This comment is actually given further credence when one considers the epidemiological data from the primary health care sources which also show a fall in acute respiratory infections over the same period. (Neuzil K M et al 2000) Passive immunisation is currently considered to be the best option in terms of providing immunity in the community although many authorities consider that it is currently only an option for the high risk infant. In the terms of our consideration here for a nurse run immunisation clinic, we should consider a set of guidelines, (that were actually produced in the USA), which could be adopted as they are based on the current best evidence available. (AAP 2003) The guidelines suggest that passive immunisation (palivizumab ) should be currently considered for premature infants born at less than 32-35 weeks gestation or for infants younger than 2 years with chronic lung disease. Although this is clearly a rational view, we have to note that it is based upon American statistics and American costings and is applicable primarily to American culture. It does not imply that the recommendations are necessarily transferable to the UK situation. The NHS has been more cautious. The current NHS guidelines were considered and formulated by the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation of the Department of Health. (JCVI 2002). Their report notes that: Palivizumab seems safe, well tolerated, and effective in reducing admissions to hospital, but it remains very expensive, at a cost of around  £2500 for five doses over the season for respiratory syncytial virus. In the UK, the statistics seem to suggest that readmission rates associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection-related bronchioliitis show that palivizumab is only cost effective if it is used in infants born prematurely with chronic lung disease and receiving oxygen at home (which is actually a very expensive undertaking in any event). (Feltes T F et al 2003). If this opinion is taken in conjunction with the suspicion that the rates of respiratory syncytial virus infection are actually falling, this will actually weight the cost-effectiveness argument further against the use of palivizumab. It is noted that a more recent study of palivizumab in infants who have congenital heart disease has been completed, but the information collected is insufficient in terms of readmission rates, morbidity and cost-benefit analysis, to allow a confident recommendation for use in this population. (Feltes T F et al 2003) The neonatal nurse’s viewpoint. In this essay we have considered much of the current literature on the subject of community immunisation for respiratory syncytial virus. There is little doubt that the virus represents a significant threat to a small proportion of neonates and a minor threat to the rest. (Crowe JE Jr 1995). It is also clear from the evidence that the prospect of active immunisation of the at risk groups has been aggressively pursued over a time scale of about four decades with very little in the way of positive practical results. In essence, this means that the only realistic prospect of giving the at-risk neonate a degree of protection against the respiratory syncytial virus, is by means of increasing the levels of passive immunity. We have considered the role of the only viable therapeutic agent in this area (palivizumab), and have come to the conclusion that the evidence base for its use is sound if it is given on a monthly basis through the winter months when the at risk populations are at greatest risk of significant morbidity, and indeed mortality. Against this statement we have to weight the cost-effectiveness of what is a very expensive agent. (Handforth J et al 2000). The neonatal community nurse therefore finds herself ideally placed to act as the gatekeeper in this role. By virtue of her position of having direct contact with each of the neonates in her community, she is probably the most optimally places member of the primary healthcare team to assess and oversee the administration of palivizumab to those at greatest risk. (Scally G et al 1998) The mechanics of the enterprise will inevitably vary from practice to practice, but the elements of any recall system will be an up to date age/sex register, a forward planning facility and good communications with the antenatal services so that prospective candidates can be assessed at the earliest opportunity. The multidisciplinary nature of the modern primary healthcare team is ideal for communication of this nature and the neonatal nurse should be able to optimally utilise the recall facilities of the practice in order to ensure maximal compliance once the decision to treat has been made. (Yura H et al 1998) On the positive side there is the fact that Nurse led clinics, in general terms, have been proven to work both effectively and efficiently in many other areas. On the negative side we have the practical situation that the current recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation that the current evidence base supports the view that palivizumab should only be offered to babies in the Group I classification, which currently includes babies under the age of two years with severe chronic lung disease, on home oxygen during the RSV season. This represents about 500 babies a year nationally. Common sense would indicate that there is absolutely no practical rationale for setting up any form of clinic in primary care for this number of babies on a national basis. Even if this recommendation was extended to include those babies in Group II (those with chronic lung disease but not on home oxygen), this would only add another 1000 to the national total and again, clearly there would be absolutely no rationale for setting up a local clinic base for this type of work load. (Netten A et al. 2000) The Committee’s reasoning for offering palivizumab to the Group I babies was on the evidence that it would be likely to reduce hospitalisation by a factor of 40% and thereby be cost effective. The Committee also suggested that these guidelines should be reviewed if a more effective and cheaper vaccine became available. If we consider, for the sake of argument, that such a vaccine has become available and that it is both practical and National policy to set up such vaccination clinics, we can consider the leads given by papers that report experiences in other areas of childhood vaccination. Nesbitt (A et al. 1997) give a very informative overview of the practical difficulties involved in setting up a Hepatitis B vaccination clinic. They point to the problems of trying to reach the most vulnerable and potentially isolated individuals in the community and highlight the need for specific nurse initiated home visits to the persistent absentees to the clinic. (Nesbitt A et al. 1995) They also highlight the difficulties in trying to get a level of immunity in a population that is constantly turning over. It requires a very high degree of vigilance on the part of the nurse running the clinic to ensure that all new arrivals are incorporated into the recall system with complete efficiency and without delay. On a slightly tangential subject, the whole issue of the nurse-led clinic was reviewed and assessed for overall effectiveness and cost effectiveness by Raftery (J et al. 2005). This paper demonstrated, beyond doubt that nurse led clinics could be both effective and very cost effective. This particular paper looked at the role of the clinic in the prevention of heart disease in the adult population, which is clearly not directly applicable to our considerations here, but the important relevant considerations are that the autonomous nurse led clinic can work very effectively with auditable results that can demonstrate both positive health benefits and an efficient and cost-effective use of a nurse’s time. (Polsky D et al. 1997) One of the interesting points raised in this paper which was also directly transferable to a nurse led immunisation clinic was that the increased costs noted also included an element for increased prescribing for intercurrent morbidity that was discovered at the time of the assessment. This is a factor that is likely to be translated into increased costings for the vaccination clinic, as many mothers are likely to save up questions and minor degrees of pathology if they know that they are having an appointment with the practice nurse. (Lancaster T 2003). This may well be translated into increased prescribing costs. Taking a holistic view however, one would hope that these costs would not be incurred without good reason and therefore one could conclude that it would be for the greater good of the patient in the long run and therefore presumably justified. (Benger J R et al. 2005) Considering all of these issues one can see that the viability of the nurse led clinic, certainly in the areas of RSV vaccination, is totally dependant on the development of an effective and cheaper vaccine. At this point in time, the recommendations do not support the logistics of a nurse led clinic for palivizumab although it is clear that the neonatal nurse should be the prime source of the palivizumab vaccination, the numbers involved support the specific identification and targeting of the Group I babies. References AAP 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics. Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the committee on infectious diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003: 523-8. Bar-on ME, Zanga JR. 1996 Bronchiolitis. Prim Care. 1996;23:805-819. Benger J R, Hoskins R 2005 Nurse led care: Nurses are autonomous professionals delivering expert care BMJ 2005 330: 1084. Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Brunell PA. 1997 The respiratory season is upon us. Infectious Diseases in Children. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc; 1997;10(1):5. Clark SJ, Beresford MW, Subhedar NV, Shaw NJ. 2000 Respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in a United Kingdom cohort. Arch Dis Child 2000;83: 313-6 Clements ML, Makhene MK, Karron RA, Murphy BR, Steinhoff MC, Subbarao K, et al. 1996 Effective immunisation with live attenuated influenza A virus can be achieved in early infancy. J Infect Dis 1996;173: 44-51. Crowe JE Jr. 1995 Current approaches to the development of vaccines against disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV): a meeting report of the WHO Programme for Vaccine Development. Vaccine 1995;13: 415-21. Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH, et al for the Cardiac Synagis Study Group.2003 Palivizumab reduces hospitalisation due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J Pediatrics 2003;143: 532-40 Fleming DM, Ross AM, Cross KW, Kendall H. 2003 The reducing influence of respiratory tract infection and its relation to antibiotic prescribing. Br J Gen Pract 2003;53: 778-83. Graham SM, Gibb DM. 002 HIV disease and respiratory infection in children. Br Med Bull 2002;61: 133-50 Green J, Britten N. 1998 Qualitative research and evidence based medicine. BMJ 1998; 316: 1230-1233 Groothuis JR, Simoes EAE, Levin MJ, Hall CB, Long CE, Rodriguez WJ. 1999 Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high-risk infants and young children. N Engl J Med 1999;329: 1524-30 Haller AA, Mitiku M, Macphail M. 2003 Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment and fusion proteins protects hamsters from challenge with human PIV3 and RSV. J Gen Virol 2003;84(Pt 8): 2153-62 Handforth J, Friedland JS, Sharland M. 2000 Basic epidemiology and immunopathology of RSV in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2000;1: 210-4 Handforth J, Mike Sharland, and Jon S Friedland 2004 Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants BMJ, May 2004; 328: 1026 – 1027 Hentschel J Berger T M Tschopp A et al 2005 Population-based study of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants in Switzerland. Eur J Pediatr 2005 May;164(5):292-7. Hogston, R. Simpson, P. M. (2002) Foundations in nursing practice 2nd Edition, London: Palgrave Macmillian. 2002 IRSVSG 1998 The Impact-RSV Study Group. Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics 1998;102: 531-7 Jeng M-J, Lemen RJ. 1997 Respiratory syncytial virus bronciolitis. Am Fam Physician. 1997;55:1139-1146. JCVI 2002 Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on 1 November 2002. www.doh.gov.uk/jcvimins01nov02.htm (accessed 31.3.06) Kim HW, Canchola JG, Brandt CD, Pyles G, Chanock RM, Jensen K, et al. 1969 Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 1969;89: 422-34 Krilov LR, Mandel FS, Barone SR, Fagin JC and The Bronchiolitis Study Group. 1997 Follow-up of the children with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in 1986 and 1987: potential effect of ribavirin on long term pulmonary function. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:273-6. Lancaster T. 2003 The benefits of nurse led secondary prevention clinics continued after 4 years. Evid Based Med 2003;8: 158 Leader S. Kohlhase K. 2002 Respiratory syncytial virus-coded pediatric h

Grief Patterns in Children Essay -- science

Grief Patterns in Children A simple child That lightly draws its breath And feels its life in every limb What should it know of death. This question has been posed by many philosophers, religious leaders and psychologists for centuries, yet has been a potent taboo in society even today. As the field of psychology is gaining ground and knowledge in how behaviors affect the way in which we interact with others, we are discovering new ways to approach and view the mental processes of a human and apply them to how a person grieves that loss. But while oft times those assumptions, hypothesis, and theories are made by adults for adults, the child is a more difficult subject in which to study since it has not achieved its mature mental capabilities. For the adult, a full and eventful life is the predecessor of a grasp of what life and death actually entail, whereas for the child a pure and incomprehensible approach is taken when trying to understand and rationalize its loss. These differences cause much pain and suffering for both adults and children when one does not understand what each is going through and needs, especi ally those of the child. It is often mistaken that bereavement, grief, and mourning are all used synonymously, when they are all in fact quite different terms, which are essential to understanding what relates to a loss proceeding a death. Bereavement alludes to the stress that the person who has experienced the loss is feeling, but not necessarily defining the stress' nature. Grief is the actual process that follows in stages which may occur at different times ensuing the death and loss. According to Tom Golden, LCSW, "grief is related to desire. Whether the desire is large or small, if it is not met, (one) will probably have grief." (Tom Golden, Crisis, Grief, & Healing) Mourning, according to Sigmund Freud, is "the mental work following the loss of a love object through death." (Fuhrman, 1974, p 34, quoting S. Freud, 1915/1957) It not only concerns itself with the present loss but also with the future possibility of relationships. But when a person experiences the loss of a parent through death, they are forever shaped and mettled. Although it has been theorized and debated over whether a child mourns or is even capable of mourning, the affirmations on the cases' part have been very well supported. In order to understand the differ... ...h is a process, not an event." (p. 47) When expecting a child to demonstrate certain characteristics, it is not uncommon for the parent to be confused since both are on different levels of recognizing the loss and dealing with it. Attempting to understand and sympathize with the child and to help them effectively deal with their emotions and confusion is very helpful, not only for the child but for the parent. Everyone, at some point in their life, is going to experience a death or have someone close to them experience a death, the key is communication--opening up and being perceptive to the needs of the bereaved. Sometimes the survivors will exemplify attitudes and actions which show independence and strength yet have needs that need to be met. The everyday changes everyone experiences are and can be very burdensome, but for children, with the uncertainty of their worlds and the people that fill them, it may seem almost impossible to deal with. The significance is in helping the children to deal with their loss at a developmentally appropriate level and to help them "get through" their feelings and to rebuild their lives with the environment in which they've been left.

Steven Spielberg :: essays research papers

I'm Steven Spielberg and I was born in Cincinnati on December 18, 1947, but I was mainly raised in New Jersey and Arizona. When I was 12 years old I used my dads 8mm camcorder and made a movie. I continued to make films with the camcorder for five more years until I went on a trip to Universal Studios. I was 17 years old and I broke away from the main tourist group to see the sound stages. I bumped into the head of Universal's editorial department, Chuck Silvers. We talked for about an hour and he wanted to see some of my 8mm films. When I showed them to him he said they were good but he could only wish me luck. So the next day I put on a suit and borrowed my fathers suitcase and walked in the front gate of Universal Studio's like I did it every day. One reason I got away with this is because the guard thought I was the owners son. I bought some plastic name tags at a camera store and I found an empty office. Then I put my name in the building directory. Everyday that summer I hung out with directors, writers, and editors. After talking to all of these movie makers I found out that nobody really liked my movies. The next fall I asked some of the executives at Universal how I can get my films noticed. They said I should put my films on 16 or 35mm film. So I did. I made a 20 minute movie about a boy and a girl hitch-hiking from the dessert to the Pacific. The day after it was shown at Universal, Sidney Sheinberg, the head of Universal's T.V. production department, gave me a seven year contract to work on T.V. series. The first few years of the contract were fun, but after a while I didn't want to direct T.V. shows. In 1971 I got a chance to make my first real movie. It was Called Duel and it was about a salesman who was harassed by a truck driver. Even though the movie didn't make much money and wasn't popular, it was my first movie and I had a lot of fun. During the next 10 years I directed 4 of the top 10 movies ever made, including Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and E.T. which is number one. E.T.- The Extra Terrestrial made $720 million dollars worldwide in the theaters and over a billion dollars total with video sales. Some other movies I directed were, Indiana Jones and the

What Factors affect Britains climate?

Weather is different in every country even city. Climate is the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place. Through climate we can judge the type of fruit or vegetables that grow in a certain area. The Mediterranean climate is good for growing citrus fruits and grapes. Where as the American climate is good for growing bananas and Indian and Pakistani climate is perfect for mangoes. Britain is an island country and is surrounded by sea which gives it a varied climate. We never actually know what the weather will be like, one day it might be sunny the next there might be rain. As we have such a variable climate its hard to predict in general we have warm summers and cool winters our summers our cooler than other countries because we are surrounded by sea but our winters are milder. The main influence on Britain's climate which are important are latitude , altitude ,distance from the sea, ocean currents and the prevailing winds. Latitude: Latitude is the position north or south of the equator measured from 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to 90à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. If you are on the equator then your latitude would be zero. If you are near the north pole your latitude would be nearly ninety degrees north and if you are more to the south pole your latitude would be almost 90 degrees south. The further away from the equator you are the colder it is. Therefore when we compare the UK with a country such as Egypt, Egypt is always hotter because its more nearer to the equator than UK. As you can see on the diagram Egypt is more nearer to the equator than Britain and is therefore more warmer.(the diagram is not accurate jus a rough estimation of where the two countries may be) as one gets above tropic of cancer or Capricorn, the climate becomes milder, with warm summers and cold winters. This is known as temperate climate and this is what the UK climate is referred as. At points furthest away from the equator, the climate is colder and is called polar. Altitude: Altitude is the height above sea level, the higher we go the colder it gets altitude may be measured in units such as metres or miles but is usually measured in feet. When I say the higher you go the colder it gets a mere example is on top of mountain peeks, the peeks are way high up and it is much much much colder there and therefore the air there freezes into ice or snow. In Britain there are a few mountains but we are surrounded more by the sea and therefore the mountains don't have a lot of effect in Britain. Other countries such as Nepal that have a lot of mountain ranges are very cold and I personally think its because of the mountains. The temperature falls by about 1 degrees for ever 100 metres above sea level. Distance form the sea: The sea is cooler than land during summer and warmer in winter because it conducts heat slower than land and cools down slower than land in winter. Land heats up faster than sea because its denser and has a bit of metal in it which is a very good conductor heat. The centre of continents are subject to a large range of temperatures. In the summer, temperatures can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates before it reaches the centre of the continent. Distance from the sea has a great effect on Britain as you can see on the map that Britain is surrounded by water an therefore makes our summer cooler and our winters are much milder. Prevailing wind direction: prevailing wind direction means the direction wind comes from. Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas. Winds that blow to Britain from warm inland areas such as Africa (a warm hot area) will be warm and dry. Winds that blow to Britain from inland areas such as the Netherlands (cold region) will be cold and dry in winter. Britain's prevailing winds come from a south westerly direction over the Atlantic. The winds are cool in the summer and mild in the winter. Because Britain's wind comes from the south west this means it brings fairly warm air because it comes from near the equator. It also brings water vapour from the ocean(as it comes over the Atlantic ocean)- and that means more rain! Ocean currents: The North Atlantic Current (North Atlantic Drift and the North Atlantic Sea Movement) is a powerful warm ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream northeast. Ocean currents can have a great effect on tempratures either reduce it or increase it. The main ocean current that affects UK is the gulf stream. The gulf stream is a warm ocean current in the north atlantic flowing from the gulf of mexico. The gulf of mexico has a higher temprature than uk because its more closer to the equator where as uk is more futher away near the north pole. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic ocean. This is one reason why Britain often has wet weather. Some local factors affecting climate: There are some local factors which don't have a major affect but do in a way affect all climate such as the two following;One place may be warm and dry because it is sheletered by hills whereas another place may unmasked to wind and rain. Also electronic things, cars leting of gas and central heating also give out heat. So therefore the city is made to be more warmer than the countryside. Air mass Some part of the world is hot some is cold. The result is that the air moves around- like the air in a cold building when you turn on the heater or even the cooker in the kitchen. The air moves around the world in huge blocks known as air masses. An air mass can be thousands of km across. It can be warm or cold or any temperature but depending on where it came from. If for example an air mass comes from the north pole and moves over to the UK there will be cold and dry weather if an air mass coming from the equator (a warm dry place) there will be warm weather. Often two different air masses will meet and clash over the UK which causes sudden changes in weather. Many different air masses cross Britain. That's why our weather changes so fast but if an air mass stays very slow or stays in one place the weather stays the same for days. The weather does not change from day to day at the tropics and poles because they have the same type of air mass all year round. Conclusion: In conclusion, although many factors affect Britain some are more imporant than others. Like the direction in which the suns ray hit the earth (equator). How far away a place is from the equator (latitude) the height above sea level (altitude), the distance from the sea, the direction the winds come from and the ocean currents. But all of these are based on one major factor which I didn't mention the SUN. How the sun affects us is affected by the rotation of the earth, latitude and cloud cover. Cloud cover is affected by the wind, another important factor, and the wind is affected by what it has passed over and altitude. Mountains redirect wind or force it up to form clouds if the wind has passed over a warm sea it will warm and wet, and if it has passed over a cold land mass it will be cold and dry. The sea have a huge impact on the land masses. Minor factors such as how built up a place is can have a big impact but in small areas, and lastly the ocean currents also is realted to which sea it came from then where about the sea is(maybe near the equator). So the sun to me is main factor which affects all climste including Britain's but Britains climate is more or less linked with the factor; the distance from the sea which is as I mentioned before is realated to the sun in all ways. Where we live in britain (england) the temprature in winter is not much less than 0à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and in summer not much higher than 32à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in the summer. Also the weather her is damp and there may be lots of sudden changes. Rain is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with February to march being the driest period and October to January the wettest. The Lake District is England's wettest region, receiving and average of 130 inches (330 centimetres) of precipitation( different forms of water falling from the sky) each year.

Communication Topic Paper

Overcoming Diversity Barriers in Effective Communication Larry Rankin II HUB 640 National University Abstract Utilizing effective communication is becoming increasingly important as groups are becoming more diverse and varied across cultural barriers. The problems that face each person, community, and each country cannot be solved without global cooperation and Joint action. Changes in the world economy, transportation and communication are resulting in increased interdependence among individuals, groups, organizations, communities and societies.With these changes, individuals must find ways to effectively interact and communicate with one another. In Walt Disney's Beauty and the Beast, young Belle risks all and sacrifices her own freedom to save the life of her father's, by living in the enchanted castle with the Beast. Although initially fearful of the Beast and horrified by his monstrous appearance, Belle is able to change her perception of him and becomes drawn to kind and sensit ive nature.Ultimately the story ends in the â€Å"happily ever after† frame, but one of the key elements that remain in the mind of the audience is the idea of overcoming diversity in a relationship. One reason Beauty and the Beast retains its popularity is because this idea strikes a familiar chord within many members of the audience. Often individuals find themselves initially repelled by unfamiliarity, and then later becoming very close with the same premises and concepts that once seemed so foreign.The moral of this children's tale shines through when we look at communication across cultures, whether in small or large groups. The diversity that exists among individuals creates an opportunity for both positive and negative outcomes when these individuals come together in groups to achieve a goal or complete a task Monsoon ; Johnson, 1989). More specifically, diversity among group members can result in beneficial consequences, such as increased achievement and productivity, creative problem solving, and growth in cognitive and moral reasoning.To the contrary, diversity among group members can also result in harmful consequences, such as lower achievement and productivity, close-minded rejection of new information, increased egocentrics, prejudice, stereotyping and racism. The pathway of diversity is ultimately determined by the willingness of the group members to utilize effective communication to propel the needs of the group as a whole while respecting the culture and diversity of its individual members (p. 461). Diversity among group members is an important resource that can be utilized to improve the group's productivity.While doing so may not be easy, it is important to understand that there are a number of barriers to effective interactions with culturally diverse groups. These include stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination, he tendency to blame the victim, and cultural clashes. Stereotypes Stereotypes can be found everywhere, and everyone h as them. Stereotypes are a product of the way the mind stores, organizes, and recalls information. They are used to describe differences among groups and to predict how others will behave.They reduce complexities, assist in making quick decisions, fill in gaps of what is known, and help to recognize patterns needed to draw conclusions. In modern thought, stereotypes are defined as â€Å"a belief that associates a whole group of people with certain traits. Stereotypes are (1) cognitive; (2) reflect a set of related beliefs rather than isolated behaviors; (3) describe attributes, personalities, and characters so that groups can be compared and differentiated; and are shared by individuals and groups holding them (Cashmere &Del Boca, 1979).Prejudice and Discrimination To be prejudiced meaner, literally, to prejudge, however, prejudice can be defined as an unjustified negative attitude toward a person based solely on that individual's membership in a group other than one's own. Stereot ypes taken to extremes, restudies are Judgments made about others that establish a superiority/inferiority belief system. If one person dislikes another simply because that other is identified with a different ethnic group, sex, religion, socio-economic status, or creed, then prejudice is present (Lopper, 1954).Ethnocentrism is the tendency to regard one's own ethnic group, nation, religion, or culture as better or more â€Å"correct† than others. When ethnocentrism is present, the standards and values of our culture are used as a yardstick to measure the worth of other ethnic groups. Ethnocentrism is often perpetuated by cultural conditioning. As children, individuals are raised to fit a into a particular culture, and conditioned to respond to various situations in similar ways that are modeled by the adults (Rotary, Evans, ; Fuller, 1979). Racism is a prejudice directed at people because of their race, or ethnic membership.Although scientific evidence indicates that only on e human race exists, with many variations, various other people assume that biological differences exist as evidenced by physical appearances. Race has taken on a social meaning, suggesting one's status within the social construct. This status structure introduces power preferences as people of different constructs interact with one another (Steele & Aaron's, 1995). When prejudice is acted upon, it is discrimination. Discrimination is an action taken to harm a group or any of its members. It is a negative, and often aggressive action aimed at the target of the prejudice.Discrimination is aimed at denying members of the targeted groups treatment and opportunities equal to those afforded to the dominant group. To reduce prejudices, use of stereotypes, and potential to discriminate, the following steps may be utilized Monsoon ; Johnson, 1999): 1) admit to having prejudices (everyone does; there are no exceptions) and commit to reducing them; 2) Identify the stereotypes that reflect the presence of prejudices and feedback from diverse friends and colleagues about how well the value and respect for diversity are being communicated.Blaming the victim Many people believe the world is Just a place where individuals â€Å"get what they deserve†, (I. E. Winning the lotto is a result of being a nice person who deserves some good luck, or being robbed is the result of being careless and is punishment for past misdeeds). The question arises then, â€Å"what happens when the situations appear unjust? † One method that is utilized and present in much of the communications between individuals is to blame the victim by convincing the self, that no injustice actually occurred.Victims of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination are often seen as â€Å"having done something wrong. † Blaming the victim occurs when the cause of discrimination or misfortune is attributed to the personal characteristics of the victim (Hellhole, 1994). Culture Clash Another com mon barrier to effective communications across divers cultures is the dead of cultural clash. Cultural clashes are conflicts over basic values that occur when members of minority groups question the values of the majority.Common reaction by majority group members when their values are being questioned are feeling: 1) Threatened: their responses include avoidance, denial, and defensiveness; 2) Confused: their responses include seeking more information in an attempt to redefine the problem; 3) Enhanced: their responses include heightened anticipation, awareness, and positive actions that lead to solving the problem (Outsold, 1991). Many cultural clashes develop in and between groups.These clashes range from threatening to confusing to enhancing, and when handled appropriately, these clashes are another form of conflict and they can serve as learning experiences rather than barriers. In our increasingly global community, highly diverse individuals interact daily, studying, working, and playing together in small groups. Rapidly growing global interdependence and the increasing emphasis on teamwork have resulted in groups with quite diverse membership.Diversity among members is no longer exceptional or optional; it is the everyday rule. Individuals are expected to interact effectively and utilize appropriate communication skills among people with a variety of characteristics and backgrounds. Doing so has many advantages, including increased group productivity on a variety of tasks. Heterogeneity in groups also increases the difficulty of developing cohesive relationships among its members and increases the potential for conflict among members.For group members to capitalize on their differences, a high level of cultural competence and awareness must be implemented into the daily communications, to ensure that a high level of positive interdependence exists among group members. This can be accomplished by using communication to create a subordinates group identity b ased on a pluralistic set of values, enabling members to gain sophistication about the differences among members through personal relationships that have sufficient trust to allow for candid discussions Monsoon ;Johnson, 2005).

Unit Outcome

At 3 months babies will start to notice objects around them like mobiles above beds, TV's, lamps tables etc. At months babies will start to explore toys passing them from one hand to the next and exploring it with their mouths too. Babies will start to smile back at smiling faces at around 3 months at around 6 months babies start to show that they are understanding dome of what is being said for instance they may start to lift arms in the air to communicate that they would like to be picked up.Babies at between 3 and 6 months will be settling into a good routine which will have a balance of both inpatient and play time spending lots of time smiling and playing with career 6-12 MONTHS At this stage babies will be becoming mobile, crawling bum shuffling and at closer to 1 2 months maybe cruising using furniture to help stable themselves s they move around on their feet and possibly walking freely. Babies will becoming more independent at trying to feed themselves using fingers and poss ibly with spoons. Babies at this stage will still be exploring objects with hands and mouth exploration may happen for longer periods of times.When children start to reach the 12 months they will start to recognize symbols do routine water running for baths bib at food time etc. At this stage children will start to understand some key words like bottle, dinner. There babbling will become longer and more tuneful they may start to point to object to express to adults that they want it. At this age children start to understand that objects and people do not disappear this means that when main careers disappear they may become upset and cry they may try to stay close to main career they may become anxious if strangers approach then. -2 YEARS By 1 8 month children have found their feet and are moving with speed, they will enjoy playing with ride-on toys using legs to push off. And enjoy playing push/ pull toys pushing cars down ramps etc. At closer to 2 children are likely to start explo re to climbing things such as chairs, tables and the stairs. Children at this age will use children's cutlery (spoon and fork) to try to independently feed themselves although may not always be successfully and may make a mess. Children at this age enjoy repetitive games and posting Or pop up toys.At closer to 2 they may start playing with building block building 1 ,2,3 block tower, and certainly enjoy knocking it down. They may start to do simple puzzles. And even start to play pretend. The language of children at this age will change from babbling to some recognizable words, at the age of around 2 they are likely to have a vocabulary of round 200 words generally Ames of people and objects. They will communicate times of frustration and anger when they cannot achieve what they want or do what they want with tantrums and emotional.They will also communicate happiness with squeals smiles and laughter Children display lots of emotion at this age laughter smiles and squeals for happine ss. Temper, tantrums and emotional outbreaks when they are frustrated and/or angry. They start to notices other children around them although will not pay directly with them but alongside then (parallel play). YEARS Children at this age are exploring climbing to get to things they may want e. G. Boning chair to climb on and get things. They will try to peddle tricycles and use their feet if they find it too difficult.They will become able to walk up stairs using alternate feet. Their cutlery skills will increase and will star to use knife and fork possibly cutting softer foods for themselves. During this period children generally learn to potty train and are usually quite independent by 4 Children at this age enjoy role play and small world toys recreating scenes that they have witnesses and taken part in. They become interested in books and story, messy play and mark making and often by 4 give meanings to hose marks at 4 children will hold their concentration if the activity intere sts them.At children start to join word e. G. â€Å"mummy gone† â€Å"my toy† and at 3/4 generally children's speech is understandable and children are starting to form sentences. Children can communicate feelings and emotions. Children still enjoy adult interaction story cuddles and play. Children develop and interests in their peers and start to play along, side them happily sometimes copying and mimicking some of the things they observe. Cooperative play will start to emerge. Children can express themselves verbally so tantrums start o become less frequent.Children become less apprehensive about main career leaving although still like to be in the company of familiar adults. Children at 2 have no understanding of right and wrong but understand the word NO. As children turn 3 they will start to understand and follow simple rules most of the time. 4-7 YEAR Physical development at this age progresses slower. Children are able to kick, catch and control balls. Children are also mastering their fine motor skills doing threading, cutting starting to write recognizable letters and words and at 5/6 handwriting becomes more legible.Children's concentration is increasing. They are able to count and do simple calculations. Children will start to read and be able to do free writing in sentences. Children enjoy engaging in games which have rules. Children at this age ask lots of questions and enjoy talking they start to enjoy making and hearing jokes. Children will start to decode words. Children play well with their peers in cooperative play although the odd augment will still arise. Friends are important to children at this age and they make preferences with their peers creating ‘best friends'. Unit outcome The purpose and benefits of continuously improving performance are exceed any limitations and achieve personal goals and those set by team Leaders and management. 1. 2 It is good to hear other people's opinion on your work, in order to see you are doing it right and for help. Also, others can make suggestions on different ways to do things so you can try and test and if the suggestions don't work you can always go back to how you use to complete the process. Encouraging feedback also shows illnesses to improve performance. . 3 Learning and development can improve your own work as it brings new skills to light and should give the employee a better understanding of the Job they are doing. Through learning new skills, an employee could realize that they are now able to do a job they previously felt under-qualified for, and also giving you more career options. It could also mean that they could have promotion or salary raise. It can benefit work as well the employee is better qualified a nd should have a better understanding of their Job role. 1.The career development in my current role would to become a Claims Handler and pursue up the levels to Claims Specialist. With the experience from being a claims administrator in Direct Group I will have learnt the basics of the claims process and have an understanding of the company systems. 1. 5 The possible development opportunities that will arise from my current position could be to further my academic knowledge of the Business Administration role by applying to complete Level 3 in Business Administration. Or, to apply for a claims handling role and apply to complete and NV in customer service.

Ballet: The Ultimate Expression Of Romantic Imagination

Imagine your legs in rotation from the thin castle of hips to the small tarsal bones of the foot, tracing the path of a man lost in the paradise of love; they revolve around the tiny space underneath the straightened tip of hallux to reinstate the eternal truth: to love is all, to love is supreme. From the abdomen to the cradle of the neck, all muscles are contracted to give support to the flexible rotating limbs. You squeeze some ‘fluid’ off the buttock until it flattens to the dance of romance and strays away†¦Away? Oh! Not in the hands of ignoble men belonging to the immoral club but carried by the wind of romance with steps similar to heroic ballerinas like Taglioni and Cerrito. No one can describe that feeling better. No one can depict the imagination and express it in terms easy to understand than the excellent flexible and portable ballerina with graceful moves, steps and turns that drive the heart of the audience to the land of eternal bliss where romance re igns supreme.With the solo production of gracious music and the body movements on the heroic stage of wonders, from simple demi-plie to complex enchainement, one is swept off the feet, and fallen to the ground only to open one’s eyes to the reality of the imagination. This is what ballet can. Indeed, it is the ultimate expression of the romantic imagination. If you check out the message on display, the music that dictates and the serene environment that fills the hall, one comes to the conclusion that if grand opera were a god, it would bow when it sees ‘ballet’ and exclaims: ‘I am great and gracious.I bring music in its serenity and divinity. I fill the atmosphere with the grand performance of musicians, their notes and instruments. I do capture the imagination of romance in words and music lines but lack one thing: the calculated moves and accurate body characters of the ballet dancer; the language it speaks is far more reaching than words; it creates the imagination in acts eyes can behold, and sends the mind into the scene with a leader’ Is anything left to say? MATERIALS: Fiero, Gloria K. ; The Humanistic Tradition, Fifth Edition; Volume 5, Chapter 29. Fonteyn, M. (1980). The magic of dance. BBC Books, London

A Study Of Pepsi Controversial Video

A Study Of Pepsi Controversial Video Pepsi’s Biggest Mistake If only ending an issue such as police brutality could be resolved over a smile and a soda, then the world would be a much more peaceful place. Unfortunately, this just isn’t the case. On April 5th, 2017 Pepsi released a new commercial in the U.S. that was quickly pulled just one day after being aired because of the backlash it received from the public. The video ad stars model and sister to the Kardashians, Kendall Jenner, who also received plenty of hate for appearing in the commercial. It is set in the streets of a city in which Jenner is modeling in a photo shoot when she sees a flood of protesters marching down the street. She decides to join the march after a nod from a young participant. The video ends with Jenner handing a can of Pepsi to one of the police men lined up facing the protesters. This gesture seems to bring a sense of peace between the protesters and the officers. The insensitive, unrealistic advertisement released by Pepsi was shining light on very serious topics such as police brutality, protest and other events that are currently affecting our world today. There are so many components to this two minute, thirty second commercial that it’s hard to know where to begin, so I will start from the beginning. The first scene is of a can of Pepsi being audibly opened in slow motion. The frame then shows a young, asian male playing his cello aggressively on the rooftop of a building in a city. Background music begins to play and the camera cuts to a very large, diverse group of people happily walking down the street. These people are marchers carrying signs saying â€Å"Love†, â€Å"Join the Conversation† and other things in various languages. The company used the song, Lions, by Skip Marley to set the tone. The artist sings We are the movement, this generation/You better know who we are, who we are† a great anthemic message. The song is all about bringing a nation of young people together to create powerful change. Right from the start, it is clear that Pepsi is trying to appeal to the millennial generation, but they do it the wrong way. They are using young protesters to relate their ad to what is currently going on in the world. The problem is that their idea of a protest is not realistic. In the commercial the protest looks like a social gathering; everyone is smiling, dancing and having fun when in reality, protesters are angry. Real world protesters are there to protect something they believe in. They are protesting out of necessity, not because it’s a fun thing to do on the weekends. Pepsi is trying to glamorize something that should be taken seriously for what it is. Throughout the next couple of scenes, we are introduced to a young, female, Muslim photographer who is frustrated by her work. She also has a Pepsi on her desk which helps to remind the viewer what the commercial is actually for. Pepsi is using this woman to show diversity which is a main component of this ad. Then we see Kendall Jenner who is in the middle of a photoshoot that is taking place near the streets of the march. Jenner, as opposed to the muslim woman and the asian cellist, is featured in this commercial to appeal to the people who want to live a life similar to Jenners. She is young, successful, rich, skinny, white, and famous. The march continues, and it is now clear that people of any gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation are uniting to protest something that is unknown to the viewer. All of the signs are very vague and don’t give any indication as to what is being protested. Pepsi is using a pathos approach to attract us to their product. They used path os continuously to try to appeal to the emotions of the viewer by showing people doing what they are passionate about like music, photography, dance, modeling, etc. People of all different backgrounds are coming together to stand up for something they believe in. By using a variety of people, they are trying to spread a message of equality and inclusion. Unfortunately, this message is contradicted several times over in the ad itself. As the storyline continues, the man playing the cello has now joined the march as well as the female photographer. The cellist sees Jenner in her fake blonde wig, full makeup, and extravagant dress and indicates that she should join him in the march. The song reaches it’s peak as Jenner rips off her wig and smears her lipstick before walking into the flooded streets. A few seconds later, we see Jenner in a new outfit with her natural colored hair. Pepsi is attempting to promote natural beauty and authenticity, but once again the execution falls short. Although Jenner looks more natural, she still has just as much makeup on, her hair is done, and her outfit is designer. Another small moment that contradicts the message Pepsi is trying to promote is when Jenner rips off her wig, she tosses it to her black, female assistant without ever looking in her direction. This is not intentionally racist, but it could have been looked at more carefully and easily avoided. The video ends with Jenner handing a Pepsi to one of the police men lined up facing the protesters. The protesters roar with excitement after a policeman takes a sip. This gesture seems to bring a sense of peace between the protesters and the officers. This moment is the most obviously shocking throughout the whole commercial. The hero of this story is Kendall Jenner, a rich, straight, white, model. It could have just as easily been the male cellist or the female photographer. The policemen at this protest are not armed or in full protective gear which is unrealistic, and a single can of Pepsi unites two groups of people who, historically, have rarely even acted civil with each other. It could easily be argued that this advertisement is exploiting the Black Lives Matter Movement, that it is capitalizing on our country’s current struggle for equality, and that it is devaluing the efforts made by protests and marches, so why was it aired? This commercial has put into question Pepsicos reputation as a company. The fact that no one at Pepsi saw this commercial and thought that it was poorly executed or that it may be taken negatively by the public, shows that Pepsi might have a lack of diversity in their marketing department or corporation as a whole. It is clearly an insensitive ad that could have been made great if only someone had spoken up at Pepsi before it aired. Pepsi wanted to make a statement by airing this commercial. They wanted everyone to be represented and included. They wanted Pepsi to bring people of varied religion, race, sexuality and more together. Unfortunately, the message came across as one of ignorance. Pepsi seemed to have good intentions, but their improper use of diversity and exploitation of current events is where they fell far short. The misrepresentation of protests was insensitive and using a Kardashian family member/supermodel to be the heroine of this impractical scenario made the whole advertisement ridiculus. It was insensitive to make light of a serious topic. It takes more than a supermodel, smile and a pepsi to bring the change of a nation in pain from issues that cut very deep.