Vanity Fair :: Essays Papers

Vanity beauteousVanity Fair, though it does non include the whole extent of Thackerays genius, is the most alert exhibition of its leading characteristics. In freshness of feeling, elasticity of move handst, and unity of aim, it is favorably distinguished from its successors, which too often give the impression of being composed of consecutive accumulations of incidents and persons, that drift into the story on no principle of artistic selection and combination. The style, while it has the raciness of individual peculiarity and the careless case of familiar gossip, is as clear, pure, and flexible as if its sentences had been subjected to repeated revision, and every pebble which obstructed its lucid and limpid flow had been laboriously removed. The characterization is almost perfect of its kind. Becky Sharp, the Marquis of Steyne, Sir Pitt Crawley and the whole Crawley family, Amelia, the Osbornes, study Dobbin, not to mention others, are as well known to most cultivated people as their most intimate acquaintances in the Vanity Fair of the actual world. It has always seemed to us that Mr. Osborne, the father of George, a representation of the most hateful phase of English character, is one of the most vividly true and life-like of every last(predicate) the delineations in the watchword, and more of a typical personage than even Becky or the Marquis of Steyne.Thackerays theory of characterization proceeds generally on the assumption that the acts of men and women are directed not by principle, but by instincts, selfish or amiable--that toleration of human weakness is possible only by dark the standard of human capacity and obligation--and that the preliminary condition of an accurate knowledge of human character is distrust of ideals and repudiation of patterns. This view is narrow, and by no convey covers all the facts of history and human life, but what relative truth it has is splendidly illustrated in Vanity Fair. There is not a person in the book w ho excites the readers respect, and not one who fails to excite his interest. The morbid quickness of the authors perceptions of the selfish element, even in his few amiable characters, is a constant source of surprise. The novel not only has no hero, but implies the non-existence of heroism. Yet the fascination of the book is indisputable, and it is due to a variety of causes besides its mere exhibition of the worldly side of life.

Sharing Music over the Internet :: Digital Media Sharing

In a report prepared by Arbor Networks, a network-management firm employed by over 70 pct of the top ISPs globally, peer-to-peer sharing has reached more than 60 percent of the net traffic in the year 2012. Peer-to-peer sharing and piracy websites allow internet users to download music, videos and programs without having to redeem for them. Technically, this is described by the law as stealing which makes peer-to-peer sharing and piracy websites illegal. Moreover, the government, through the enforcement of certain laws, imposes discipline to its citizens with regard to downloading and sharing music over the internet. procure InfringementThe Department of Justice of the U.S. government presented a report Task Force on Intellectual Property which clearly imparts the laws protecting intellectual properties of individuals. As stated in the report, an intellectual property is an intangible property which is expressed through ideas and inventions. right of first publication is intended to protect these intellectual properties including musicits lyrics and composition.Through the Copyright Act, the creator is given exclusive rights which encompass credit until after 70 years from death and the option of distribution. In peer-to-peer sharing and free downloads where music is apply commercially in the internet, copyright is violated. In fact, as the shown in the statistics above, copyright infringement is practiced by millions in just one day. Probably, these people do not know and fully understand the laws and the penalties such as fines and imprisonment if they rate copyright infringement.PiracyThe music industry, as represented by the arrangement Industry Association of America (RIAA), has gone procedures in fighting both copyright infringement and piracy. Accordingly, as shown in the report of Arbor Networks, the overwhelming 40 percent of net traffic that shares music through peer-to-peer connection has rapidly decreased to just 18 percent in the year 2009. RIA A has sued internet fans who commit infringement. Furthermore, the association has also presented piracy surcharges on ISPs which offer an upgrade to peer-to-peer connections for fast downloads at a fee, and websites which provide free searches and downloads for music.Governments ResponseTo allow piracy and copyright infringement, the Congress commenced the Piracy Deterrence and Education Act of 2003. As stated in this bill, the Congress appeals to the Department of Justice, along with the FBI, to involve their departments in discovering peer-to-peer file sharers and taking legal actions against them.

Wuthering Heights Essay -- Literary Analysis, Emily Bronte

When initially diving into a novel, it is common knowledge that there is an already preconceived agreement of trust that the reader instills in the drools narrator. The reader virtually always relies on the narrator to illustrate the story in an h mavinst unbiased manner, precisely the story teller in Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights appears to break the chains of trust understood by the audience. The novel is comprehend through the keen ears of Mr. Lockwood who is being told the history of the Earnshaws, Heathcliff, and the Linton family by his housekeeper, Ellen doyen. Establishing herself as the primary narrator, Nelly reminisces upon her experiences at Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. She fails to give Lockwood and ultimately the reader a precise news report of the affairs that took place in the past. Throughout her vivid flashback, Nelly on numerous occasions lessens the impact of her role and participation in certain events to keep her transfer clean from th e tragedies that more or less ruined those among her presence at Wuthering Heights. As Nelly Dean embarks on her tale to Lockwood, she is caught uttering the words, I am to follow my story in true gossip fashion (Bronte 51). By her own confession it can be inferred that her account of what actually took place could quite possibly be exaggerated to tell a more fascinating version of the truth. It is apparent that Nelly creates the identity of herself as only being a key witness sooner of the manipulating agent that she truly is. The fact that she has some sort of interaction with all the characters in the novel makes her more than just an onlooker. Furthermore, one critic reiterates that Nelly is too close-fitting to the action and is often up to her neck in the world of Wuther... ...ictions of duty from which, it struck me then, all the misfortunes of my employers sprang. It was not the case, in reality, I am aware but it was, in my imagination, that dismal night and I thought He athcliff himself less guilty than I (Brontechp27). It is here that Nelly is no longer blinded by her own ignorance. She is one of the last to live but is cursed to tell a tale of wickedness just like the remaining survivor of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Nelly Deans scant(p) narration to Mr. Lockwood is the housekeepers way to justify that she posses no blood on her hands. Her upbringing with the novels main characters gives her a poor choice in judgement and makes her extremely biased on how the story is portrayed. Nellys actions cause nothing but despair to the Earnshaws and Lintons, pushing the idea that she is the unruffled villain of Wuthering Heights.

Everyday Use Essay example -- essays research papers

In the short story Everyday Use, by Alice Walker, the short story is narrated by a b inadequacy woman in the South who is approach with the decision to give away two quilts to one of her two daughters. Dee, her oldest daughter who is visiting from college, perceives the quilts as popular fashion and believes they should undoubtedly be given to her. Maggie, her youngest daughter, who cool off lives at home and understands the family heritage, has been promised the quilts. Dee is insistent to possess these heirlooms of family heritage, while Maggie is forbearing in allowing Mama to make her own decision as to who should receive the quilts. Dee shows a lack of appreciation, disrespect, and a distancing behavior towards her mother and sister. Mama ultimately decides to give the quilts to Maggie with sufficient reasons to do so. Mama recognizes Dees different style of life and the lack of appreciation her shell displays. Her mother states, "I didnt want to bring up how I had offer ed Dee a quilt when she went away to college. Then she had told me they were old-fashioned, out of style." Dee does not appreciate things unless it is for her own self-gratification. aft(prenominal) being away at college, she is demanding to be given the quilts that her grandmother and aunt have made, for she now sees these precious items as fashionable objects. "Dee wanted nice things. At sixteen she had a style of her own and knew what style was." She has a selfish mind of her own. Mama is more ...

The Impact Of Product Location :: Business and Management Studies:

The Impact Of Product LocationBefore we start I think it is of the essence(p) that I clarify what we mean byMarketing as a concept. Basically it is about selling products thatcustomers want to buy, this is achieved by putting the customerfirst. chronic customer research identifies needs and trends incustomers buying behaviour which we can cater for to attract furthercustomers. By satisfying the needs of our customers they will sireregular customers and will potentially recommend us to their friendsand families. The way that we meet our customers needs is by gettingthe right balance of the marketing mix by selling the right productat the right price in the right place whilst being presentedcorrectly.As we advance into the twenty first atomic number 6 there is a stronger focuson marketing than selling within our supermarkets. The supermarketretail sector in this country has reached maturity and as a reply wecannot simply open new supermarkets to compete with our rivals. Instead to compete we must build a loyalty base of existing customerswhilst attempting to attract customers from our competitors. Therehas been a noticeable shift from mass marketing to segment marketing. Our customers are individuals with individual needs. You cannotsimply sell the same product to everyone because people are differentthey need different products or at least different versions of thesame product.To this end the physical identity of our supermarkets is evolving asthe products within them evolve. This has led to diversity in our flourish methods allowing us to prioritise and promote certain productsover other products. Simple things like having two columns of aislesrather than one has doubled the end of aisle infinite within the store. By their very nature of being at the end of the aisle they attract agreater amount of attention from the customer. By law-abiding customersin our supermarkets it is clear that customer behave in certain waysand respond to certain stimuli. It is perhaps super acid sense that afterwalking the continuance of an aisle that you will check out the end of theaisle as you walk around to head back down the next aisle. It is alsocommon sense that products displayed at eye level attract moreattention and are more easily found by our customers. This does notjust take in to adults, by placing products that appeal to children at alevel that they can see them it is clear that they are more likely toask their parents to buy these goods. It has also been placethat many customers when searching for products look ahead but also

Criminology DNA Forensic Science Essay

We begin life as a single cell zygote, about 0. 1mm in diameter. The legion(predicate) biological instructions that enable our developmental and functional processes to occur from zygote to adult be encoded in the deoxyribonucleic acid ( deoxyribonucleic acid). Forensic deoxyribonucleic acid synopsis involves the carrefour of several(prenominal) scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, constituenttics, and statistical analysis (Lynch, 2013). In order to understand the usefulness and the limitations of deoxyribonucleic acid in the analysis of tangible testify, it is important to be familiar with the basics principles underlying these diverse disciplines.Besides identical twins, for each one some iodins desoxyribonucleic acid is unmatched. After either it is the genetic material that contains on the whole the information necessary for any organism to develop and function. However, only a one-half percent that is of interest to rhetoricals scientists. This is the portion that varies greatly surrounded by individuals and it is what manifests itself in the individual traits such as eye color, hair color, and blood type. Most often the differences in deoxyribonucleic acid sequence do not show themselves in physical appearance however, these sequences butt joint only be examined using special laboratory techniques.Forensic scientists use these genetic differences from desoxyribonucleic acid to distinguish an individual in the midst of the individuals in a population. In 1944 Oswald Avery defined the role of the cellular component k outrightn as DNA as the vehicle of generational transference of heritable traits. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the structure of the DNA molecule as a double helix. Form follows function the very nature of the molecule provided an explanation for its unique properties (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012).In 1980, David Botstein and coworkers were the first to exploit the sm all in all variations found between people at the genetic level as landmarks to construct a human gene map. In 1984, while searching for disease markers in DNA Alec Jeffreys discovered the science of personal identification. He margined this method DNA Fingerprinting, a method to identify loci sequentially (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). This term is later replaced by DNA typing or DNA profiling, Early in the use of DNA, visiblenesss for the purpose of dentification were cal direct DNA fingerprints, a term which is now r bely employ (Porter, 2005). The first forensic use of DNA occurred in England, a DNA test was performed by Dr. Alex Jeffreys, who had developed DNA reproduce (Porter, 2005). One of the most important facts of the case is that an innocent suspect was the first accused of the murder was freed based on the DNA evidence. Perhaps the most significant scientific advance besides the determination of the structure of DNA was in 1986 the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).PC R multiplies the archetype and yields results which were once unobtainable, Furthermore, the statistical chances of a random conjunctive in DNA of two individuals with the same profile have now reached enormous figures in the billions (Porter, 2005). Observation of cells and embryos in the late 19th century had led to the recognition that the hereditary information is carried on chromosomes, thread-like structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that became visible by light microscopy as the cell begins to water parting (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008).As biochemical analysis became achievable, chromosomes were found to consist of both DNA and protein. DNA is the name given to a group of molecules that occur in all cells of all living organisms and that carry that organisms genetic information. That, is they carry the instructions for devising the chemical compounds, proteins, by which cells stay alive, grow, develop, reproduce, and carry out all the functions that constitut e life as we know it.DNA molecules are very large, complex molecules made of only a few simple sugar units unite with a phosphate group and one of four nitrogen bases, adenine A, cytosine C, guanine G, and thymine T (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). The combination of one sugar molecule, one phosphate group and any on nitrogen base is called a nucleotide. A complete DNA molecule consists of very long chains of thousands of nucleotides get together together. The DNA molecule is comprised of two strands each wrapped around the former(a) in the form of a double-helix. The bases on each strand are right aligned in a manner known as complementary-base pairing.As a result, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Each gene is actually be of DNA specifically designed to carry the task of controlling the genetic traits of our cells. The position a gene occupies on a chromosome in known as a locus. Approximately 30,000 human genes have been identified. DNA duplicates it self prior to cell division. DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). The two separate strands, now separated, act like a template for the formation of daughter strands.Each strand is now exposed to a collection of free nucleotides that will be used to recreate the double helix using base pairing. The enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes the sequential accompaniment of nucleotides to the growing DNA strands. The advent of DNA technology has dramatically altered the approach of forensic scientists toward the individualization of bloodstains and other biological factors as evidence. The high sensitivity of DNA analysis and the subsequent search for DNA evidence has counterbalance altered the types of materials collected from crime perspectives. Saferstein, 2013) Modern methods of obtaining DNA have made it possible to obtain convictions on blood left at the scene, on semen, or even spittle behind on a postage stamp. It is surprising how often DNA is left behind, often when the criminal accidently cuts himself at the scene but also numerous other ways. DNA evidence makes detection of crime more probable (Porter, 2005). During an investigation, forensic evidence is collected at a crime scene, analyzed in a laboratory and often presented in court. Each crime scene is unique, and each case presents its own challenges.Complex cases whitethorn require the collection, examination and analysis of a large amount of evidence. In terms of forensic DNA analysis, there is a variety of possible sources of DNA evidence. The more useful sources include blood, semen, vaginal fluid, nasal secretions and hair with roots. It is theoretically possible to obtain DNA from evidence such as urine, feces and abruptly skin cells, though this is often classed as a poor source due to the lack of intact cells and high levels of contaminants preventing successful analysis.Prior to analysis, the it will be ne cessary to extract DNA from the sample. This is generally achieved through and through the following simplified steps. The sample cells are lysed (broken down) in a buffer solution. Denatured proteins and fats are pelleted through centrifugation. The cleared lysate is then passed through a column, often containing a positively charged medium that binds to the DNA. Contaminating proteins, fats and salts are then removed through several washes. The DNA is recovered in a buffer solution (Rankin, 2005-2013).The use of DNA analysis in forensic science is based on a variety of techniques focusing on polymorphisms. Different sequences are studied in different techniques, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, mini satellites (variable number tandem repeats), microsatellites (short tandem repeats) and mitochondrial DNA, each different with regards to distance and repetition (Rankin, 2005-2013). The latest method of DNA typing, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis has emerged as the most successful and widely used DNA profiling procedure.Generally, DNA extraction is the first step in forensic DNA analysis for use in human identification, and is essential to generating STR profiles from forensic biological samples (Lounsbury, Coult, Miranian, Cronk, Haverstick, Kinnon, Saul & Landers, 2012). STRs are locations on the chromosome that contain short tandem repeats that repeat themselves within the DNA molecule. They express a high degree of polymorphism, making them of particular use to the forensic scientist. As STR regions are non-coding, there is no selective pressure against the high mutation rate, resulting in high variation between different people (Saferstein, 2013).Though there have been thousands of short tandem repeats found in the human genome, only a small number are utilized in forensic DNA analysis. STR loci are ideal for use in forensic science for a number of reasons. They represent discrete alleles that are distinguishable from one another, they show a great power of discrimination, only a small amount of sample is required due to the short length of STRs, PCR amplification is robust and multiple PCR can be used, and there are low levels of artifact formation during amplification (Rankin, 2005-2013).The method of enzyme based produced PCR-ready DNA subsequently only 20 minute incubation and requires no centrifugation or sample transfer steps. Implementation of this method into the workflow for forensic cases could reduce sample and DNA preparation time. The enzyme based method allows easy integration for downstream processes, such as PCR (Lounsbury, Coult, Miranian, Cronk, Haverstick, Kinnon, Saul & Landers, 2012). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for replicating small quantities of DNA or broken pieces of DNA found at a crime scene, outside a living cell.Polymerase chain reaction is the outgrowth of knowledge gained from an spirit of how DNA strands naturally replicate within a cell. For the forensic scientist, PC R offers a distinct advantage in that it can amplify minute quantities of DNA many an(prenominal) millions of times (Saferstein, 2013). The PCR steering wheel consists of three primary steps denaturation, annealing and extension. Denaturation, the sample is heated to 94-95oC for about 30 seconds. This separates the double-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds, allowing primers access.Annealing, the samples is unploughed at 50-65oC, depending on the primer sequence, to allow hydrogen bonds to form between the primers and the complementary DNA sequence. Extension is also known as the elongation stage. The sample is heated to 72oC for duration depending on the length of the DNA strand to be amplified and the speed of the polymerase enzyme (Taq polymerase) which builds up the strand. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates are added to the 3 end of the primer (Rankin, 2005-2013). Each PCR cycle can take only 5 minutes.This procedure can then be repeated as necessary until the original sequen ce has been amplified a ample amount of time, with the amount being doubled with each cycle. Following PCR, the products are separated using electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is essentially a method of separating molecules by their coat through the application of an electric field, causing molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. The gel essentially acts as a type of molecular sieve, allowing smaller molecules to travel faster than larger fragments.Following electrophoresis, it may be necessary to visualize these bands using radioactive or light probes or dyes (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). Another type of DNA used for individual characterization is mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) is located outside the cells nucleus and is inherited from the fuck off (Saferstein, 2013). Recent developments in forensic template RNA profiling systems have allowed the simultaneous inference of a variety of human cell types from small amounts of samples.In addition to body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, menstrual secretion and vaginal mucosa, the presence of skin cells can also be determined. Since more cell types can be examined, RNA profiling complements the existing detection methods of body fluids which are mainly serology-based and presumptive in nature. In forensic genetic analyses, the highest priority often goes to establishing the possible contributor(s) of DNA to an evidentiary trace.As a consequence, RNA profiling is incorporated into a DNA/RNA coassessment strategy that generates both a DNA and an mRNA profile from the same stain (Lindenbergh, Maaskant & Sijen, 2012). Mitochondrial DNA is generally used when other methods such as STR analysis have failed. This is often in the case of naughtily degraded bodies, in cases of disaster or accidents where an individual is too badly damaged to identify. The most significant advantage of the use of mitochondrial DNA is the possibility of analyzing even highly degraded samples.If a specimen is severely decomposed to the point that it is not possible to successfully extract a DNA profile using nuclear DNA, it may be possible through mitochondrial DNA. However the use of mDNA does have its disadvantages. As mitochondrial DNA is only maternally inherited, this cannot form a full DNA fingerprint of the individual, thus this technique is only beneficial if the DNA profiles of maternal relatives are available, such as the individuals mother or biological siblings (National Institute of Justice, 2012). perchance the most momentous device to arise from DNA typing is the ability to compare DNA types recovered from crime scene evidence to those of convicted sex offenders and other convicted criminals (Lynch, 2013). Numerous countries have produced computerized databases containing DNA profiles to aid in the comparison of DNA fingerprints and the identification of suspects and victims. The first Government DNA database was established in the United realm in April 1995, known as the National DNA Database (NDNAD). As of 2011, there were over 5. million profiles of individuals in the system. Similarly, the FBI in the US formed their own DNA database, the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), in 1994, though it was not implemented in all states until 1998(Saferstein, 2013). Staff members involved in the handling and analysis of evidence will often also submit their DNA profiles to the database in the case of accidental contamination. There is the possibility for DNA databases to be shared between countries however some countries focus on different loci in DNA fingerprinting.Currently, U. S. crime laboratories have standardized on 13 STRs for entry into a study database (CODIS). Currently, DNA evidence is treated as exceptional, but it also is upheld as a model for other forms of forensic evidence to emulate. Many terms, such as investigation, inquiry, argument, evidence, and fact were established in law well before being associated with science. However, while legal confirmation remained qualified by standards of moral certainty, scientific proof attained a reputation for objectivity (Lynch, 2013).Although most forms of legal evidence, including expert evidence, continue to be treated as fallible opinions rather than objective facts, forensic DNA evidence increasingly is being granted an exceptional factual status. It did not always enjoy such status. Two decades ago, the scientific status of forensic DNA evidence was challenged in the scientific literature and in courts of law, but by the late 1990s it was being granted exceptional legal status.DNA profiling is often treated as an exceptional technique that has navigated the imaginary gulf between forensic and scientific culture, and has become so reliable that it can be used as a benchmark for evaluating all other forensic technologies. The STR system replaced the earlier systems, and automated scanning of samples replaced visual examination of profile res ults. The use of all these genetic tools allows forensic scientists to with more certainty find and convict criminals.

Campbell Soup Employee Engagement Essay

Douglas Conant, the CEO of Campbell Soup Co. discussed the importance of employee engagement and how Campbells strategy to pay attention to this calculated paid off for their smart set. Conant took over in 2001 when Campbells was close to a takeover and its soup sales had drastically declined amid fierce competition. Furthermore, some of its best employees had left over(p) the company rather than wait out the hard times. Conant recognized that of all the elements related to corporate culture, employee engagement was the most highly correlated to shareholder re overrides.Therefore, to turn things around, Conant implemented the Campbell Promise of Campbell Valuing People, People Valuing Campbell with the strategy that To win in the market place, we believe you must first win in the workplace. Im obsess with keeping employee engagement front and center and keeping up energy around it. In 2002 Conant hired the help of Gallup, a polling and research firm, to better apprehend his com panys engagement levels. Gallup found that 62% of Campbells managers were not actively prosecute in their jobs and 12% were actively disengaged.Those numbers were some of the wrap up for any Fortune 500 firm ever polled. By Gallup standards the ideal level of employee engagement is to have a ratio of 12 actively engaged employees for every disengaged employee. Campbells ratio was only 21 that is, only 2 actively engaged employees for every disengaged employee. Strategies to Motivate and Engage Employees Bring batch barriers, literally Conant had barbed wire fencing removed from Campbells Camden, NJ facility to create pleasant work environment Promoting from within replaced 300 of the companys 350 leaders half of whom were promoted from within the company.This changed the culture and sent a message that few could ignore. Annual surveys of all 580 work groups simultaneously managers review the results with their pass reports and everyone is updated on their progress related to specific goals. Leaders are measured on their ability to inspire trust in those around them. Recognition Events commemorate at a high level when people do things well. CEOs acknowledgement Conant sends out about 20 thank-you notes a day to staffers, on all levels. Open communication every six weeks CEO has lunch with a group of a dozen or so employees to get their billet on the business, to address problems and to get feedback.

Poetry Analysis Essay

What types of things come to mind when you think about success? When I think of some unity being a success I think of someone who achieved some type of goal or obtained an honor of some type. The three poetrys I found talk about what success pith to each of the individual writers of these three verses. Each writer has their own personal opinion on what success means to them. These poems are all about success, except you will notice how they are all very different from one another. The first poem is called triumph in the Twenty-First Century by Sharon Esther Lampert.This poem talks about all of the things in life we should accomplish before we die and all the things we need to be successful in our goals in life. When I read this poem it reminds me of the things that I have ever wanted to do but am yet to accomplish. It is like the author is telling me life is similarly short to wait, I have to act on my dreams and goals now. Be who you are and do the things that make you happy because one day it will be alike late. Success is a very hard thing to come by with all the different obstacles life throws at us all. Make a important contribution to yourself (Sharon), stay true to who you are and cheat that you can make it.This is the feeling and emotion I got from Success in the Twenty- First Century by Sharon Ester Lampert. Next is a poem titled Successful Failure by Robert William Service. In the sirening Robert says I wonder if successful men are always happy? When I was reading this poem I thought just because you have everything does not necessarily make you happy. The most successful people may have great wealth and nice belongings, but Robert makes a point in saying success can also be a failure.In the simple thought that maybe not being successful in everything is also a good thing. Let cottage comfort be my mess hall with well-worn britches (William) success is not measured in wealth, this poem made me see that success is being comfortable with w ho you are and what you have, whether it be success in small goals or large goals. Success should come with happiness not fame and riches. I think of all Ill never own,-Im laughing in other words be happy with what you have, some people never get to have half of what you have and they are happy with that.Lastly in that respect is a poem by Emily Dickinson called Success is Counted Sweetest. This poem uses a few different metaphors explaining that those who succeed never truly appreciate it. On the other hand, the one who fails or lacks something is the one who truly appreciate success. These are the type of people who truly appreciate success and how wonderful it would be if they had succeeded. The dilemma in this poem is that those who strive longer to reach a point of success are the ones who appreciate their victory more who took the flag today can tell the description so clear of victory (Emily).Those who almost succeed but do not can look at their near success as sweet. esti mate of it due to being so close to success but yet never fully got to the finish line, its a sweet feeling to know you were close. Like saying to enjoy nectar and to truly understand all the wonderful aspects of nectar and be satisfied by it not just to jerk off it down To comprehend a nectar requires sorest need. (Emily) So have you thought about what success means to you? Success comes in all sorts of different types of forms. at that train are big success like becoming the CEO of a large company and there small victories like winning first place in a spelling competition, which we also call being successful. Although these poems describe success from different aspects, they all show the emotion behind the moments of success and victory. Success is never a negative thing, but it can become negative if you lose focus on who you are and why you wanted this success to begin with. Be successful for no one else but yourself, after all that is how we accomplish success, on our own. Success in the Twenty-First Century by Sharon Esther Lampert Be Born.

Soma

These soma-styled drugs have a real negative effect on an individual and society. Instead of trying to bear on problems naturally, people go to pills because it takes less energy and less time. Some people feel that victorious less energy to become happy Is a benefit, when its very the total opposite. Honestly, I think that mood-altering drugs are one of the factors for obesity In America today.The fact that people are taking pills to be happy or else of exercising and eating right makes America lazy. One of the almost common mood-altering drugs used In the U. S. Today Is cogency. Affably is used for mood disorders such as, bipolar, schizophrenia, and Irritability. Ability can in addition be used with other medications to treat depression. Another common mood- altering drug In America Is Eluvia. Eluvia helps Improve mood and feelings of well- being. It also relieves anxiety and tension, helps you sleep better, and Increases your energy level.Although, both of these drugs ca n make a person feel better they come with negative face effects such as, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, weight gain, blurred vision, constipation, etc. These drugs can relate to soma because Just like soma, theses drugs are taken when someone feels Internally unbalanced. In the novel stick out New World by Aloud Huxley the people of the World State took the drug soma when they felt unhappy. Soma made the citizens of the world state very calm and careless. The best part about soma Is that unlike the mood-altering drugs of today, It doesnt have all side effects.The bad part about soma Is that an Individual could overdose, thence eventually die If they use way too much. Advertisement for these drugs poorly shows the side effects of the drugs they are trying to sell, which Is understandable for an advertisement. The side effects In the Interview are usually In a very small pillowcase at the bottom on the advertisement, and when being read It goes by very fast. The people s elling these drugs know that these drugs only help people momentarily, and the only way to fix most of these cases comes from within, durably. Energy and less time.Some people feel that taking less energy to become happy is a drugs are one of the factors for obesity in America today. The fact that people are One of the most common mood-altering drugs used in the U. S. Today is Ability. Ability is used for mood disorders such as, bipolar, schizophrenia, and irritability. Ability can altering drug in America is Eluvia. Eluvia helps modify mood and feelings of well- being. It also relieves anxiety and tension, helps you sleep better, and increases your eke soma, theses drugs are taken when someone feels internally unbalanced.In the and careless. The best part about soma is that unlike the mood-altering drugs of today, it doesnt have any side effects. The bad part about soma is that an individual could overdose, then eventually die if they use way too much. Advertisement for these drug s poorly shows the side effects of the drugs they are trying to sell, which is understandable for an advertisement. The side effects in the interview are usually in a very small font at the bottom on the advertisement, and when being read it goes by

Computer Engineering Pdf

Study Plan Masters of Science in Computer engineering and Networks (Thesis Track) I. General Rules and Conditions 1. This plan conforms to the regulations of the general frame of programs of graduate studies at the University of Jordan. 2. Candidates for admission in this program are holders of the Bachelors degree in the following specialties a) Computer applied science b) Electrical plan c) Networks plan d) Communications Engineering e) Electronics Engineering f) Bachelor of Mechatronics II. Special Conditions None.III. The Study Plan Studying (33) credit hours as follows 1. Obligatory courses listed in Table 1 (15) computer address Hours. cable No. 0903720 0903723 0907721 0907731 0907741 Course Title Random Processes Variables and Stochastic Credit hrs. 3 3 3 3 3 Prerequisite 0903720 0907721 Analysis of Communications Networks Network agreements soma Advanced Computer computer architecture Distributed Systems 2. Elective courses selected from the list shown in Table 2 (9) C redit Hours. Credit Course No. Course Title Pre-requisite hrs. 903721 0903725 0903728 0903730 0907702 0907722 0907723 0907732 0907733 0907779 Digital Communications I Wireless Communication Systems selective information Communication Systems Multimedia Streaming Computer mental process Evaluation Networks and Systems warranter Wireless Networks Advanced Embedded Systems Parallel Processors 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0903720 0907721 Special Topics in Computer Engineering and 3 Networks 3. Masters Thesis, 0907799 (9) Credit Hours. 1 Study Plan Masters of Science in Computer Engineering and Networks (Non-Thesis Track) I. General Rules and Conditions 1.This plan conforms to the regulations of the general frame of programs of graduate studies at the University of Jordan. 2. Candidates for admission in this program are holders of the Bachelors degree in the following specialties a) Computer Engineering b) Electrical Engineering c) Networks Engineering d) Communications Engineering e) Electronic s Engineering f) Bachelor of Mechatronics II. Special Conditions None. III. The Study Plan Studying (33) credit hours as follows 1. Obligatory courses listed in Table 3 (24) Credit Hours.Course No. 0903720 0903723 0903725 0907721 0907722 0907723 0907731 0907741 Course Title Random Processes Variables and Stochastic Credit hrs. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Prerequisite 0903720 0903720 0907721 0907721 Analysis of Communications Networks Wireless Communication Systems Network Systems Design Networks and Systems Security Wireless Networks Advanced Computer Architecture Distributed Systems 2. Elective courses selected from the list shown in Table 4 (9) Credit Hours. Credit Course No. Course Title Pre-requisite hrs. 903721 0903728 0903730 0907702 0907732 0907733 Digital Communications I Data Communication Systems Multimedia Streaming Computer consummation Evaluation Advanced Embedded Systems Parallel Processors 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 0907779 Special Topics in Computer Engineering and 3 Networks 3. The Compre hensive Exam (0907798). 3 Masters of Science in Computer Engineering and Networks Course Descriptions 0903720 Random Variables and Stochastic Processes (3 Credit Hours) Probability and random variables. Distribution and density functions. Functions of random variables. Two random variables and sequences of random variables.Multidimensional random variables. Stochastic Processes. Markov chains. unearthly representation of stochastic processes. Spectral estimation. Project. Digital Communications I (3 Credit Hours) Introduction to Communication Systems. Baseband and Bandpass digital modulation techniques Line Codes, ASK, FSK, PSK, DPSK, QAM. Performance measures power, bandwidth, bit mistake rate. Carrier and symbol synchronization. Signal design for band-limited channels. Signal design for fading channels. Project. Analysis of communication Networks (3 Credit Hours) Pre-requisite 0903720 Introduction to queuing theory and traffic engineering.Markov chains, steady-state and balance equations. uninterrupted and discrete arrival models. Basic queuing systems. Erlang formulas. Applications to telephony systems and aata networks, performance parameters (blocking probability, check off, throughput and reliability). Systems with vacations, priority systems, polling and reservation systems. Network simulation. Project. Wireless Communication Systems (3 Credit Hours) Re clear of Multiple Access Techniques TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDMA. Design of radio communication systems modulation, propagation, channel estimation, equalization and coding.Cellular systems (GSM/3G/4G), Synchronous and Asynchronous CDMA and code synchronization. CDMA performance and multi-user interference cancellation. Satellite communication systems. Indoor communication systems, radio LANs and wireless protocols. Data Communication Systems (3 Credit Hours) Introduction to communication and switching networks. Asynchronous and synchronous transmission, SDH/SONET. Design and planning of telephony syst ems. Broadband access technologies. cyberspaceworking and the Internet Protocol (IP), routing in IP. Quality of Service (QOS).Voice over IP (VoIP). Audio and video streaming. IP network planning. Integration of data and cellular/wireless networks. Security issues. Project. (3 Credit Hours) Information Measures. Audio Video Data Compression. Performance of Compression Techniques and Rate Distortion Function. Mathematical Introduction to Number Theory. Cyclic, BCH and CRC Codes. Convolutional and Turbo Codes. LDBC Codes. Performance of geological fault Correcting Codes. Packet Data Transmission and Formatting for Audio and Video Data. Multimedia Streaming 0903721 0903723 0903725 0903728 0903730 4 0907702Computer Performance Evaluation (3 Credit Hours) Issues in Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking. Measurement Tools and techniques, Trace Driven and Execution Driven Simulation. Choice of metrics. Benchmarks. Statistical techniques for Performance Evaluation. Trace Generation and V alidation, Synthetic Traces, Verification of Simulators. Design of Experiments. analytical Modeling of Processors, Statistical modeling, Hybrid Techniques. Application of queuing theory, Markov models and probabilistic models for computer system evaluation. Workload Characterization.Network Systems Design (3 Credit Hours) This course gives a broad view of the current state of computer networking research. Topics include Internet architecture Internet routing the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), routing characterization, routing security, Internet AS relationships, traffic engineering, end troops congestion concord quality-of-service, network security intrusion detection systems, worms, and honeypots mobile and wireless networking peer to peer and overlay networking content distribution networks sensor networks scathing network infrastructure services Domain Name Server (DNS), mail servers, etc. network measurement distance estimation, bandwidth measurement, trouble shooting tools n etwork management. Networks and Systems Security (3 Credit Hours) Pre-requisite 0903720 Review of Computer Networks. Number Theory and Field Arithmetic. Sources of Network Threats. Data Encryption Cryptography and Ciphering. Risk Management. Key Management. Protocols and Algorithms of Security Systems. Email and network Security and Firewalls. Performance Evaluation of Security Systems.Wireless Networks (3 Credit Hours) Pre-requisite 0907721 Introduction to wireless networks physical layer, MAC and IEEE 802. 11, HIPERLAN, Bluetooth, channel assignment and channel hopping, power control and rate control, multi-radio, network layer, mobile IP, and naming, routing in mobile networks, transport protocol in wireless networks types of wireless networks wireless mesh networks, sensor networks, cellular networks, delay tolerant networks, RFID and WiMax wireless network management and security localization, network usage studies, network diagnosis, network security.Advanced Computer Architec ture (3 Credit Hours) Subjects in scientific methodologies, review of computer design principles, processor design, RISC processors, pipelining, and retrospect hierarchy. Instruction level parallelism (ILP), dynamic scheduling, multiple issue, speculative execution, and branch prediction. Limits on ILP and software product product approaches to exploit more ILP. VLIW and EPIC approaches. Thread-level parallelism, multiprocessors, chip multiprocessors, and multi-threading. Cache coherence and memory consistency.Advanced memory hierarchy design, cache and memory optimizations, and memory technologies. Advanced topics in storage systems. Designing and 5 0907721 0907722 0907723 0907731 evaluating I/O systems. 0907732 Advanced Embedded Systems (3 Credit Hours) System specifications. Requirements and models of computation including State Charts, SDL, Petri nets, Message Sequence Charts, UML. Process networks, Java, VHDL. SystemC, Verilog and System Verilog, and SpecC. Embedded system com puter hardware, I/O, communications, processing units, memories.Embedded operating systems, middleware, and scheduling. Prediction of execution times. Scheduling in real-time systems. Embedded operating systems. Implementing embedded systems hardware/software codesign. Task-level concurrency management. High-level optimizations. Hardware/software partitioning. Compilers for embedded systems. Voltage scaling and power management. Actual design flows and tools. Validation. Simulation. Rapid prototyping and emulation. Test. Fault simulation. Fault injection. Risk and dependableness analysis. Formal verification.Parallel Processors (3 Credit Hours) In-depth study of the design, engineering, and evaluation of modern parallel computers. Fundamental design naming, synchronization, latency, and bandwidth. Architectural evolution and technological driving forces. Parallel computer programming models, communication primitives, programming and compilation techniques, multiprogramming workloa ds and methodology for quantitative evaluation. Latency avoidance through replication in small-scale and large-scale shared memory designs cache-coherency, protocols, directories, and memory consistency models.Message passing protocols, storage management, and deadlock. Efficient network interface, protection, events, active messages, and coprocessors in largescale designs. Latency tolerance through prefetching, multithreading, dynamic instruction scheduling, and software techniques. Network design topology, packaging, k-ary n-cubes, performance under contention. Synchronization global operations, mutual exclusion, and events. Alternative architectures dataflow, SIMD, systolic arrays. Distributed Systems (3 Credit Hours) Pre-requisite 0907721 Introduction to Distributed Systems.Distributed Operating Systems. Processes and Inter-process Communication (IPC). Distributed File Systems. international Procedure Calls (RPC). Security Models. Distributed Architectures and Technologies. Mid dleware. Object Based Distributed Systems. Messaging and Message Oriented Systems. Agent-Based Systems. Distributed Application Project. Special Topics in Computer Eng. and Networks (3 Credit Hours) 0907733 0907741 0907779 Topics of special interest in current computer engineering and networks issues. The course description is specified by the department at every course offering. 6

Motivational factors affecting the academic performance of the students Essay

A question proposal submitted to Ms. Azelle Charese Agdon. Instructor, Department of Economics Cavite pronounce University Imus City, Cavite. In partial conclusion of the requirement for subject DCEE 28, Methods of Research Bachelor of Science in Office AdministrationINTRODUCTIONMotivation is a process of satisfying students different unavoidably and expectations, therefore, Administrators have to be aware of and analysis those unique, individuals needs. Administrators have the difficult task of how they throw out improve the surgery of the students. They have to increase students maintenance towards their goals and direct their behavior.It is serious to know to motivate the students in their academician performance, because it will motivate their learnings, setting goals and to be successful in their chosen field. galore(postnominal) students have their own ways on how they can motivate their selves to perform well. Now a day, there are many factors affecting the performa nce of the students.The Cavite State University its humble beginning in 1906 as the Indang Intermediate School with the American Thomasites as the first teachers. Several transformations in the name of the School took place. In 1918- Indang Farm School. In 1927- Indang Rural High School and then to enter SeverinoNational Agriculture School in 1958. The name Don Severino is in honor of Don Severino De las Alas who was then the Secretary of interior in the Aguinaldo revolutionary government. Don Severino donated a tract of land for use as fuel feed lab by the School.In the first semester of S.Y 2003-2004 Cavite State University opened a branch campus in Imus, Cavite. The Trece Martires Campus was established through the memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed on whitethorn 15, 2005 to start offering courses on the first semester of school year 2005-2006. In the first semester of school year 2006-2007, Cavite State University opened a branch Campus in Silang cavite. At present the whole Cavite State University system has ten campuses in different municipalities of Cavite with a total of 18,563 registered students as to its population.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMThis explore aimed to jell the motivational factors affecting the academic performance of the students in Cavite State University- Imus Campus. 1. What is the students profile in terms of?AgeProgrammed enrolledYear enrolment Status2. What is the academic performance of the students in terms of Grade Point Average (GPA) last semester (2nd semester of School Year 2013-2014) ? 3. What is the factors that most affecting the academic performance of the students?Importance of the shootThe culture and data gathered to this research which were beneficial to the Students, for them to know how this study helped to motivate and also give them knowledge about these factors can truly affect their academic performance. To the Instructor, this research helped them to know how they can motivate their students. Lastly, to t he future researchers, this will serve as a guide and give them an idea to their future research.Objectives of the StudyGenerally, the research conducted to determine and analyze the motivational factors that affecting the academic performance of the students in Cavite State University- Imus Campus.Specifically it aimedTo know the profile of the students in terms ofAge sexual practiceProgram enrolled/Year & sectionStatusTo know their Grade Point average (GPA) last semester (2nd of School Year 2013- 2014). To identify what are the motivational factors can affect most the academic performance of the students.Conceptual FrameworkFigure 1. Factors affect the Academic PerformanceThis figure shows that factors have a big strength to the student for them to increase their academic performance. The factors are very important because it will lead you to achieve such goals in life and to be successful in future. In increasing student academic performance, they must have their own ways how th ey can motivate their selves or what can motivate them. In every success, there is a factor on it. Whenever its a simple motivation, it always helped them to get what they want. In students, motivation has a big factor on how they increased the academic performance or excel at the school. Also the teachers and instructors must have their ways how they can motivate the students.Time and Place of the StudyThe idea of the research entitled Motivational Factors affecting the academic performance of the students in Cavite State University- Imus Campus when the researchers observed the students and think about how or what factors may affect to increase their academic performance.The study started on August 2014 and ended on September 2014 covering the Cavite State University Imus Campus, Palico IV Imus City Cavite.Scope and LimitationThis research covered the motivational factors affecting the academicperformance of the students of Cavite State University Imus Campus. This study intends t o know what or how the students truly motivate these factors. The researchers also collected some important data from the school to further access this matter. Finally, they conduct a survey to the students to gather data in order to them to get a egress to this study. description of TermsMotivation the act or process of giving someone a reason for doing something, condition of being eager to act or work. Factors the influences that contributes to the result or outcomes. Skills the ability to do something that comes from training experiences or practice. Cavite State University A place were the primary concern of the researcher. Goals Something that you are trying to do or achieve.Enrollment Status the status of the student whether they are regular or irregular.

Internet in India Essay

We live in an age of information. today information is power. Those who have it ar powerful and those who dont have it ar powerless. The rise of net profit as a tool for information and information, in the last decades of the twentieth atomic number 6 has changed the power balances on this globe. The twenty first century has begun with the most populous countries on this world, India and China adopting the net income technology very fast. These two countries share close 40% of the population on this globe, and the pattern in which they have adopted profit is surely leading them to become super powers in future.This essay discusses how internet has developed in India, what are the reasons behind this development and what could be the future implications of the current status of internet in India. The Beginning In the middle of 1980s, India had a young Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who understood the importance of government policies favoring information technology.He managed to hire functions of USA based Indian technocrat, Sam Pitroda, for advantage of the communication scene in India. The foundation stone for a revolution was laid then. While becomeing on the telecommunication aspects, the government realized the point that internet can be powerful democratizing force, offering greater economic, political, and social participation to communities that have traditionally been underserved- and helping developing rural areas meet their pressing needs. ( internet growth ).Subsequently, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL), the government agency responsible for telecommunications in India, launched the internet in the socio-economic class 1995.It was perceived by the government of India that internet would be implemental in the following ways 1. Open dialogue The low greet networking would facilitate knowledge sharing, awareness of alternate perspectives and allow more open exchanges. 2. alter governance To raise the efficiency of the government by making it more transparent and enabling more universe participation. 3. Improve social and human rights circumstance Expand approach to better quality education, health car, disaster relief capacity and other service.4. Reduce poverty Open new avenues and opportunities for income generation for the bypassed groups comparable women, rural people etc. 5. Introduce more economic opportunities Through Ecommerce, and other applications of the internet, many new earning opportunities can be created. 6. Improve environmental focal point through GIS, early warning systems and various other applications, the environment can be better managed. ( meshwork growth) The government also rightfully perceived the emerge globalization phenomenon since 1980s.It was right in believing that if the nation had to survive in this scenario, giving information access to the public is a must, and behind internet, the facilities attached with it, the like E-governance, E-Commerce and E-learning are also bound to come. For the first four eld, VSNL had the monopoly to contribute internet services and was the sole service pass onr. This monopoly was withdrawn in November 1998, and the field opened up for the private service providers. The terms were very liberal. There was no license fee and unlimited take oners were allowed to take part.Private ISPs were allowed to fix their possess tariffs and rophy their own gateways also. The department of Telecom (DOT) has issued licenses to almost 100 ISPs in category A, which is for All India operations, and 220 each for category B and C, which is for metros and state level circles, and metier and small cities, respectively. Out of these, about 184 ISPs have started their operations. ( profits growth ). Government Initiatives The government of India has laid primary focus on development of internet in India.Some of the cadencys taken by it, to freely promote the use of internet are 1. Formulation of National telecom policy in 19 99. Its target is to provide internet services to all district headquarters by 2002. 2. Provide license to private ISPs without any license fee up to October 2002. A detail fee of Re. 1 ( 2 cents) per annum, to be levied from November 2003.3. There is no restriction on the number of ISPs in all categories. 4. ISPs are given permission to set up international gateways by having business arrangement with Foreign Satellites Providers, and collaborators. 5. ISPs permitted to provide last mile access using radio and fiber optics. 6. ISPs also permitted to provide service through cable TV infrastructure /operators 7.Initiated an ambitious plan to develop National profits Backbone (NIB). 8. Adopted the training Technology act, a law recognizing electronic transactions and thus providing legal frame work for E-commerce in India 9. lucre telephony services opened up to private service providers from 1 April 2002( Internet growth ) Fats and figures The internet industry in India, can be d escribed in the following table in a nut-shell ISP licences issued Appx. 540 ISPs working(a) Appx. 185 Cities/towns covered Appx. 340 Internet subscribers Appx. 3. 3 million Cyber cafes/ public access kiosks Appx. 12000 In principle approval for setting up international gateways Appx.45 ISPs Operational gateways by 8-9 ISPs 40 + Total estimated investment by ISPs Rs, 6000 crores Estimated investment in equipments By ISPs Rs. 2500 crores Estimated employment provided ( direct/ indirect ) 1. 1 lac ( Internet growth ) primary bug Internet services providers association of India.The Internet Growth in India During the initial years, when VSNL had a monopoly on this business, the growth rate was very slow, but no earlier private players were allowed, the growth in internet subscribers was substantial, as proved from the following table Month/year subscriber base ( million ) August 1995 0.01 swear out 1996 0. 05 March 1997 0.09 March 1998 0. 14 March 1999 0. 28 March 2000 0. 90 Marc h 2001 3. 00 March 2002 3. 30 ( Internet Growth ) primary source Internet services providers association of India Research results Some interesting results are also available from a research study conducted by Larry.Press, William Foster, Peter Wolcott and William McHenry, on the master of comparison between the internet status in China and India. This paper was published in First Monday , a Peer reviewed diary on the internet. The authors utilize a six dimensional framework which characterizes the state of internet in a nation. These are 1. Pervasiveness This parameter indicates the number of internet users per capita. 2. Geographic dispersion This bank bill the concentration of internet within a nation from none or a single city to nationwide availability. 3. Organizational structure This is a measure based on the state of the ISP industry and market conditions 4.Connectivity Infrastructure This is based on domestic and international backbone bandwidth, exchange points a nd last mile access methods 5. Sectoral absorption This is a measure of degree of internet utilization in education, business, health care and public sectors. These sectors are seen as key to development and were suggested by the United Nations Development Program.( UNDP) Human development Index. 6. Sophistication of use This measure ranks the usage from conventional to highly sophisticated and driving innovation. A conventional nation would be using Internet as substitute for other media like telephone and fax. Pervasiveness India needs to improve upon the following aspects to score more on the Interrnet pervasiveness factor. With gross domestic product per capita of $ 2358 and a dial-up tariff of $15. 75 per month for 30 hours usage, internet is still unaffordable to most of the Indian population. With a tele density of 3. 6 in the year 2000, India ranks hundred-and-forty-fifth on a global scale. This has to go up. Electricity, personal computers and networking equipments are also expensive in India. There are estimated 6 million PCs in India. The equipment cost needs to come down. Literary rate of India is rather poor at 52%. The secondary school enrollment rate is 39% and mean years of schooling for those who are 15 years and above is only 5. 1 % . Internet cannot spread unless the user is literate. India has a large population which is very easily conversed with English, which is the language mostly used in internet also. This works to Indias advantage. Geographic dispersion Reaching remote villages in the countryside is one of the major hindrance. roughly of Indias population lives in villages. The huge investment required for Internet to become accessible from remote villages, is not justified. Low earth orbiting IP send technology may solve this problem in future, not only for India but many other developing nations also.Here Indian efforts are commendable. The ministry for Information technology has a working group on Information Technology fo r Masses that issued a report recommending about 56 actions in infrastructure and service, electronic governance, education and raising mass IT awareness in October 2000. Organizational infrastructure Largely due to a very complex political structure it is rough to formulate and implement policies in India. The complexities are further enhanced by the law and judiciary system, government inefficiencies, and corruption.The organizational infra structure can be further improved upon, if these bottlenecks are removed. Connectivity infrastructure The key determinants to connectivity infrastructure are trade policy and other factors which encourage investment and the availability of skilled work force. India will see increase in trade as it implements its IT plans. India is also an early mover in software exports, which totaled to 8. 26 billion in 2001. The expatriate trained work force in Europe and United States is also playing a role in growth of internet in India.Most of them have f ormed joint ventures or set up subsidiaries, back home. This surely enhances the use of internet. Sectoral Absorption The schools and colleges of India have started using the internet on a wide scale, but there is considerable scope for improvement. E-governance and increase in trade will see increased use of internet in future, in India. The relative freedom of states in India is the determining factor here. In the health sector internet is hardly used.Sophistication of use Almost 70% of Indian population lives in villages. If Internet can improve rural education, health care, entertainment, news, economy etc. , the flow of people to the crowded cities can be diminished. India has several projects pursuing village connectivity, but there has not been widespread deployment. ( Press Larry, Foster William, Wolcott Peter & McHenry William ) The ISPs in India There are 183 ISPs in India in total. Out of these, those who have the All India license are as follows ISPs having all-India li cence includeBSNL CMC RPG Infotech Essel Shyam Communications Sify Siti cable television Network Gateway Systems (India) World Phone Internet Services VSNL Guj Info Petro Hughes Escorts Communications Astro India Networks Reliance Primus Telecommunications India ERNET India RailTel Corporation Data Infosys GTL Jumpp India L&T Finance HCL Infinet Primenet Global Tata Internet Services Tata Power Broadband Bharti Infotel peace-loving Internet India In2Cable (India) Reliance Engineering Associates BG Broad India Swiftmail Communications Estel Communication Bharti Aquanet Trak Online Net India Spectra Net Reach Network India i2i Enterprise.Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Comsat Max Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers Corporation HCL Comnet Systems and Services Harthway Cable ( Indiaonestop ) The role of BSNL in development of Internet in India Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ( BSNL) the apex body which looks after the telecomm sector in India, was formed in 2000 as a public enterprise. I t is Indias largest communication service provider and offers services throughout India, except New Delhi and Bombay. On March 31 2007, it had a customer base of 33. 7 million wirelines, 3. 6 million CDMA-WLL and 27.5 GSM mobile subscribers. The credit of making Internet popular and affordable to the people of India goes to BSNL. It pioneered in offering the broadband services to its customers, at a unbelievably low rates, under its home and business plans. The cheapest home plan is slated at Rs. 250/- for a usage of 1 GB. This is in nifty contrast to the expensive dial-up networking where the charge was time based, and used to be very high. These plans have become so popular in a short cover of 2 years or so, that today, BSNL is the biggest ISP with a market share of about 50%.The Indian communications minister, Dayanidhi Maran, has declared the year 2007 as a year of broadband , and BSNL is targeting 5 million broadband connections by the end of the year 2007. BSNL has two majo r plans to be executed in the near future. One, to provide a speed of 2 Mb/sec on to all its broadband customers without any extra cost, and two, it is planning to upgrade its broadband services to triple play in 2007. Today, BSNL is Indias one of the largest PSU with a share jacket crown of $ 3.95 billion, and net worth of US $ 14. 32 billion. ( BSNL ) Most favored outsourcing hub India The development of internet in India, has opened up many new venues. One of them is outsourcing of work to India. This trend started with outsourcing of medical transcription jobs, which later spread to database management, insurance and the financial sector. Today it has become an authentic hub which is most favored by all. India has got a new identity as a most favored nation for outsourcing.This would have neer been possible, without the fast, affordable spread of the internet in India. Of course, India also benefits from its proficiency in English and the perfect time synchronization with the USA and UK. The work hours of USA are night hours in India and vice-versa. The work hours of UK synchronizes with 3 p. m. to 11 p. m. in India. Hence, a file can be sent at the end of the day from UK or USA, work on it is carried out when UK and USA sleep, and the processed file is back to them , when they start their work on the next day. Conclusion Internet is a late day technological tool, which has considerable advantages.Development of Internet is related to increasing the number of people who can gain an access to it. It is a general assumption made by all, that if more and more people get an access to the Internet, the nation will automatically develop. All debates and research on this subject, is based on the number naughty. The basic question is even if Internet is available to every one, will the development be automatic?It has to be borne in mind that Internet is a potentially dangerous tool also, capable of ruining lives, especially of youngsters, if not handled jud iciously. Exactly this is happening in India. The government has only concentrated on the number game, taking it for granted that it will be used judiciously for betterment. So far, the only good internet has done is to fill the pockets of the players in this game and provide earning opportunities to a negligible percentage of the population.Any visible advantage to the nation, to the society or to the Indian culture is not witnessed at all. Another ample mistake the government of India has made is, it has given importance to the IT sector, by bye passing other crucial areas like electric power, education, and health services. Including New Delhi, the capital India, compulsory daily power cuts are very regular What to talk of other cities and the interiors? Hardly anything could be achieved, only by increasing the number of Internet users References 1.Internet growth, key learnings from India, Retrieved on 12 May 07 from http//www. internetpolicy. net/principles/021122india-lesso ns. pdf 2. Press Larry, Foster William, Wolcott Peter & McHenry William, The Internet in India and China, First Monday, a Peer -reviewed journal on the internet, retrieved on 12 May 07 from http//www. firstmonday. org/issues/issue7_10/press/ 3. Indiaonestop, retrieved on 12 May 07 from http//indiaonestop. com/ISPS. htm 4. BSNL, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 8 May 2007, retrieved on 12 May 07 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/BSNL.

Christ in His Suffering and Death

The death of rescuer on the spoil gives the meaning to all the undertakings of idol. In His sacrificial death rescuer revealed the holiness, righteousness and love of immortal, and His infinite wisdom. Disputing the true death of Christ and His resurrection is baneful for Christian faith. Many biblical passages predict the death of Christ and state or assume His actual death.Definition of TermsAtonement Guilt Penalty rapprochement Righteousness SubstitutionExpiation justness Propitiation Redemption SanctificationForgiveness Justification Ransom Remission SatisfactionTheories of the AtonementThere argon principal theories of conciliation, which arise from the disputes around the meaning of the death of Christ.1. Substitutional Atonement.2. Payment-to-Satan possible action.3. Recapitulation Theory.4. Commercial or Satisfaction Theory.5. incorrupt Influence Theory.6. Theory of Thomas Aquinas.7. Theory of Duns Scotus.8. Example Theory.9. Mystical Experience Theory.10. Governme ntal Theory of Grotius.11. Theory of Vicarious Confession.Although the upper theories have slightly aspects that put forward be recognized as having merit, the true innovation of the death of Christ may be understood from the biblical passages that reveal the doctrines of redemption, reconciliation and propitiation, and the death of Christ thereof is the substitutional or penal concept of the atonement.The doctrine of Redemption is an important aspect of the work of God in salvation accomplished by the death of Christ. The doctrine of redemption in Christ can be erected from the study of three words agoraz?, lutro?, and peripoie?. Agoraz? (exagoraz?) is the basic word for redemption in the scripture and expresses the topic of purchasing Christians by Christ, and His death was the praise paid. Peripoie? means to save or to preserve ones self, and lutro? has the meaning to rescue by paying a ransom. The study of redemption through Christ in the New Testament discloses clearly tha t the death of Christ was the praise He paid to God and thus purchased the sinner from the bondage of sin.The doctrine of Propitiation represents the idea that the death of Christ fully satisfied the demands of a righteous God in respect to judgment upon the sinner. The word is mentioned in both Testaments. Propitiation had a substitutional character and three important results.The doctrine of Reconciliation as one of the virtually important in theology is being discussed wildly and has four basic interpretations. Several biblical passages reveal that reconciliation personal effects the change in man which reconciles him to God II Corinthians 517-21, Romans 56-11, Ephesians 216, Colossians 120-22. Reconciliation is provided to all men, but applied moreover to the elect when they believe. Those who reject the love and grace in Christ are still judged according to their work. Reconciliation is applied to the whole Universe. The work of reconciliation extends to the work of God on th e behalf of the believer.Christ in His ResurrectionThe doctrine is essential for the whole Christian faith and theology. The resurrection of Christ is the archetypal step in the series of the exaltation of Christ and His ministry as our Intercessor.Evidences for the resurrection of Christ are abundant. The Scriptures fully unwrap the appearances of Christ subsequently resurrection to many people under different circumstances therefore resurrection is a well-documented diachronic event. Between the evidences for the resurrection of Christ are the following.1. The empty tomb.2. The character of the human witnesses to the resurrection.3. The dramatic change in the disciples after the resurrection.4. The disciples experience of the divine power in the postresurrection period.5. The events of the day of Pentecost.6. The evidence in the practise of observing the first day of the week.The Origin of Christian ChurchThe foundation of the Christian church in the first century, its convin cing power and dynamic stemmed from the belief in the resurrection of Christ.The Scriptures evidences the resurrection of the body of Christ, not only His resurrection in spiritual sense. His resurrection body was the same, though changed a little, that the one in the tomb and Scriptures evidence this fact.Who raise Christ from Dead?The resurrection of Christ is the work of triune God.The significance of the resurrection of Christ is underestimated in all come apartes of positive theology. The major facets of the significance of the resurrection of Christ are1. Proof of His person and His offices (Prophet, Priest, and King).2. Key to all of His present work.3. operation of the divine plan in the prophetic future.1. The expression The nature of the atonement how should one view the cross? by Steve Sullivan emphasises the importance of understanding the doctrine of atonement and pays particular attention to the Payment-to-Satan and Recapitulation theories of atonement. According to unmingled views presented by Walvoord in Jesus, Payment-to-Satan theory is one of the earliest in the church and it is not held in modern times. This theory implies that Christ was paid to Satan as the ransom for sinner. Recapitulation Theory is base on the idea that Christ recapitulates all the phases of human life including being made sin in His death on the cross.Sullivan combines these theories, presents the short historical intercourse into each, and then upholds the point of view that merging some of these views one can capture the Word of Faith Movement (WFM) leaders view of Christs death. The WFM teachers assert that Jesus took upon himself a satanic nature, died physically on the cross, suffered spiritual death in quarry for us, and then was reborn (or born again) in hell and rose from the grave. Therefore, when the believer is born again he becomes like Christ. Even from the short overview of the WFM ideas about one of the existing doctrines we can see how sibyllin e the interpretations of Bible can differ.I would recommend this article as it presents the view on the death and atonement of Christ and lets the reader to compare traditional catholic teaching with one of modern Christian branchs views. This article is a good source for critical thinking evaluating.2. The article The Reality of Resurrection by Darrell Young is focused on historical proofs of Christ resurrection. The resurrection of Christ is recognized equitable to be the most powerful event in all history. Further, the author cites numerous passages from the New and Old Testament concerning the divination of resurrection, its vital importance for the Christian faith, and its significance in the context of the Second Coming. I would recommend this article as a rich source of historical approach to resurrection and to some questions related to the doctrine of resurrection, such as resurrection of believers during the Second Coming, the resurrected bodies of believers, the time of resurrection and others. The BibliographySullivan, Steve. The Nature of the Atonement How should One View the Cross? PartI on-line. Ankerberg Theological Research Institute available from http//www.ankerberg.com/Articles/_PDFArchives/theological-dictionary/TD1W0600.pdf Internet accessed 9 November 2005

Legalizing Recreational Drugs

A volunteer(a) drug is categorized as any substance with pharmacologic effects that is either taken voluntarily for personal pleasure, or for satisfaction rather than for medicinal purposes such as cocaine, marijuana, or ecstasy. These types of drugs argon easily found and argon personad by more than 22 million Americans ages 12 and older closely nine percent of the U. S. population. If these types of drugs were to be made legal, a positive change in the economy would be the ultimate outcome.In 1961, the United Nations implemented an inter body political treaty that limited drug roduction and trafficking. The war on drugs, a term that was created by Richard Nixon a decade later, in reference to said treaty, has been going on for over fifty years now. The master copy objective of the war on drugs was to expel all recreational drugs from the sphere making all of them illegal. However Just like prohibition in 1920, the establishment of these laws were to save the nation from the problems the substance(s) created.However, also like the prohibition of 1920, the laws only served o create and support organized crime and has do little to effect the publics usage of the substance(s). The U. S. currently has the highest incarceration rate in the world. The bulk of those imprisoned are due to drug-related crimes. The illegal drug trade has been introducing children and teens toa life of crime. They notice that the minimum wages they would legally live from their unskilled labor at the local Burger King, is far from what they could earn buying and selling illegal drugs.By the period children nd teenagers leave high school, most of these students have committed a criminal act by using recreational drugs. These drugs are used every day and widely available, people see happy chance the law as nothing more than playful mischief therefore, undermining our laws authority. In contrast to the spiraling ineffectiveness of the U. S. governments original approach to contr olling the issue of recreational drugs, another(prenominal) countries like New Zealand and Ireland have taken on a new outlook on the matter.Instead of outlawing he use of recreational drugs, they have decided to do extensive research on these drugs, in effect making sure that they are safe for the publics consumption. They are conducting clinical tests to prove that their products are safe Just like new medicine would be well-tried in the market. If our government would go along with this new radical movement and legalized recreational drugs, like these other countries, they would no longer have a war on drugs. The money spent on inmates in Jails would be greatly reduced since we are not arresting people for drug use.Police can use the time currently monopolized on getting drugs off the street for other, more pressing crimes. Schools could teach their students just about wise drug usage instead of implementing scare tactics. Tactics such as videos and statistics about drug abuse and its consequences that will only tell you to never purchase or use them are obviously in effective that Just leads to ignorant abuse in the future. All legalized drugs can be interchange by trust worthy companies instead of fellow schoolmates or sketchy street dealers.These drugs can be bought legally, by someone of government consented age, in proper packages witn appropriate warning labels similar to the way that cigarettes and inebriant are. In conclusion, legalizing recreational drugs goes far beyond right and wrong if you look at the issue in a practical manner. The problem of illegal recreational drugs has only been increasing with time. The current policies in egress are Just not working. A new, radical approach could be the ultimate solution to the U. S. governments acclivitous battle. After all, the legalizing has already begun, hasnt it?

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nineteen

JonThe homage rang to the song of s oral communication.Under menacing wool, boiled leather, and mail, sweat trickled icily down Jons chest as he pressed the attack. Grenn stumbled backward, defending himself clumsily. When he raised his sword, Jon went underneath it with a sweeping blow that crunched against the back of the early(a) boys leg and sent him staggering. Grenns downcut was answered by an over circulate that dented his helm. When he tried a stanceswing, Jon swept divagation his blade and slammed a mailed fore fortify into his chest. Grenn woolly his footing and sat down hard in the snow. Jon knocked his sword from his fingers with a slash to his wrist that brought a anticipate of pain.Enough Ser Alliser Thorne had a voice with an progress bid Valyrian steel.Grenn cradled his hand. The darn broke my wrist.The bastard hamstrung you, opened your empty skull, and cut kill your hand. Or would buzz off, if these blades had an edge. Its aureate for you that the Watch needs stableboys as well as rangers. Ser Alliser gestured at Jeren and frog. Get the Aurochs on his feet, he has funeral arrangements to drop.Jon took off his helm as the former(a) boys were pulling Grenn to his feet. The frosty morning air tangle legal on his demonstrate. He leaned on his sword, drew a deep breath, and alone(prenominal)owed himself a moment to savor the victory.That is a coarsesword, non an sr. mans washstande, Ser Alliser tell sharply. Are your legs hurting, headmaster coulomb?Jon hated that name, a mockery that Ser Alliser had hung on him the first day he came to practice. The boys had picked it up, and now he hear it perpetuallyywhere. He slid the longsword back into its scabbard. no. he replied.Thorne strode toward him, chip shot obtuse leathers whispering faintly as he moved. He was a compact man of fifty years, sp ar and hard, with grey in his black hair and eyes like chips of onyx. The truth now, he commanded.Im tired, Jon admitted. His a rm burned from the weight of the longsword, and he was starting to feel his bruises now that the compete was d sensation.What you ar is weak.I won.No. The Aurochs lost.One of the separate boys sniggered. Jon knew better than to reply. He had beaten every champion that Ser Alliser had sent against him, yet it gained him noaffair. The master-at-arms served up single derision. Thorne hated him, Jon had decided of course, he hated the other boys even worse.That will be all, Thorne told them. I smoke only(prenominal) stomach so much ineptitude in some(prenominal) one day. If the Others ever take for us, I pray they retain archers, because you lot are fit for nothing to a greater extent than arrow fodder.Jon followed the expect back to the armory, walking alone. He often walked alone here. in that respect were most twenty in the convention he trained with, yet not one he could call a friend. Most were deuce or three years his senior, yet not one was half(prenominal) the fig hter Robb had been at fourteen. Dareon was readily simply afraid of being hit. Pyp used his sword like a spine, Jeren was weak as a girl, Grenn slow and clumsy. Halders blows were brutally hard precisely he ran right into your attacks. The more clipping he worn out(p) with them, the more Jon despised them.Inside, Jon hung sword and scabbard from a hook in the rock and furl wall, ignoring the others round him. Methodically, he began to strip down off his mail, leather, and sweat-soaked wools. Chunks of coal burned in iron braziers at either end of the long room, scarce Jon ensnare himself shivering. The chill was always with him here. In a few years he would forget what it felt like to be warm.The weariness came on him suddenly, as he donned the roughspun blacks that were their everyday wear. He sat on a judicatory, his fingers fumbling with the fastenings on his cloak. So cold, he apprehension, remembering the warm halls of Winterfell, where the hot waters ran throug h and through the walls like blood through a mans body. There was scant warmth to be found in Castle Black the walls were cold here, and the people colder.No one had told him the Nights Watch would be like this no one except Tyrion Lannister. The dwarf had given him the truth on the road north, however by whence it had been too late. Jon wondered if his father had known what the protect would be like. He essential have, he thought that only do it hurt the worse. hitherto his uncle had abandoned him in this cold place at the end of the world. Up here, the genial Benjen Stark he had known became a different person. He was First Ranger, and he worn-out(a) his days and nights with entitle Commander Mormont and Maester Aemon and the other high officers, while Jon was given over to the less than offer charge of Ser Alliser Thorne.Three days after their arrival, Jon had heard that Benjen Stark was to lead a half-dozen men on a ranging into the haunted forest. That night he sought o ut his uncle in the great timbered customary hall and pleaded to go with him. Benjen refused him curtly. This is not Winterfell, he told him as he cut his meat with fork and dagger. On the Wall, a man gets only what he earns. Youre no ranger, Jon, only a green boy with the sapidity of summer stock-still on you.Stupidly, Jon argued. Ill be fifteen on my name day, he utter. Almost a man grown.Benjen Stark frowned. A boy you are, and a boy youll remain until Ser Alliser says you are fit to be a man of the Nights Watch. If you thought your Stark blood would win you easy favors, you were wrong. We put aside our old families when we swear our vows. Your father will always have a place in my heart, but these are my brothers now. He gestured with his dagger at the men around them, all the hard cold men in black.Jon rose at dawn the next day to watch his uncle leave. One of his rangers, a big hapless man, sang a bawdy song as he saddled his garron, his breath steaming in the cold mornin g air. Ben Stark smiled at that, but he had no smile for his nephew. How often moldiness I tell you no, Jon? Well speak when I return.As he watched his uncle lead his horse into the tunnel, Jon had remembered the things that Tyrion Lannister told him on the kingsroad, and in his minds eye he saw Ben Stark lying stillborn, his blood red on the snow. The thought do him sick. What was he becoming?Afterward he sought out Ghost in the loneliness of his carrell, and conceal his face in his thick lily-white fur.If he must be alone, he would make privacy his armor. Castle Black had no godswood, only a small sept and a drunken septon, but Jon could not find it in him to pray to any gods, old or new. If they were real, he thought, they were as rude and implacable as winter.He missed his true brothers little Rickon, bright eyes shining as he begged for a sweet Robb, his rival and best friend and constant companion Bran, stubborn and curious, always wanting to follow and join in whatever Jon and Robb were doing. He missed the girls too, even Sansa, who neer called him anything but my half brother since she was old comme il faut to understand what bastard meant. And Arya . . . he missed her even more than Robb, skinny little thing that she was, all scraped knees and tangled hair and torn clothes, so fierce and willful. Arya never befoolmed to fit, no more than he had . . . yet she could always make Jon smile. He would give anything to be with her now, to tussle up her hair once more and watch her make a face, to hear her finish a sentence with him.You broke my wrist, bastard boy.Jon lifted his eyes at the sullen voice. Grenn loomed over him, thick of have sex and red of face, with three of his friends behind him. He knew Todder, a short ugly boy with an unpleasant voice. The recruits all called him Toad. The other two were the ones Yoren had brought north with them, Jon remembered, rapers taken down in the Fingers. Hed forgotten their names. He hardly ever spok e to them, if he could help it. They were brutes and bullies, without a thimble of honor mingled with them.Jon stood up. Ill break the other one for you if you ask nicely. Grenn was sixteen and a head taller than Jon. All four of them were large than he was, but they did not scare him. Hed beaten every one of them in the yard.Maybe well break you, one of the rapers said.Try. Jon reached back for his sword, but one of them grabbed his arm and twisted it behind his back.You make us discover bad, complained Toad.You looked bad beforehand I ever met you, Jon told him. The boy who had his arm jerked upward on him, hard. Pain lanced through him, but Jon would not cry out.Toad stepped close. The little lordling has a mouth on him, he said. He had pig eyes, small and shiny. Is that your mommys mouth, bastard? What was she, some whore? Tell us her name. Maybe I had her a time or two. He laughed.Jon twisted like an eel and slammed a heel down across the instep of the boy holding him. The re was a sudden cry of pain, and he was free. He flew at Toad, knocked him backward over a bench, and landed on his chest with both hands on his throat, slamming his head against the packed earth.The two from the Fingers pulled him off, throwing him roughly to the ground. Grenn began to kick at him. Jon was rolling remote(predicate) from the blows when a booming voice cut through the gloom of the armory. STOP THIS directJon pulled himself to his feet. Donal Noye stood glowering at them. The yard is for fighting, the artisan said. Keep your quarrels out of my armory, or Ill make them my quarrels. You wont like that.Toad sat on the floor, gingerly feeling the back of his head. His fingers came away bloody. He tried to kill me. S true. I saw it, one of the rapers put in.He broke my wrist, Grenn said again, holding it out to Noye for inspection.The armorer gave the offered wrist the briefest of glances. A bruise. Perhaps a sprain. Maester Aemon will give you a salve. Go with him, To dder, that head wants flavor after. The rest of you, return to your cells. Not you, beguile. You stay.Jon sat heavily on the long wooden bench as the others left, oblivious to the looks they gave him, the motionless promises of future retribution. His arm was throbbing.The Watch has need of every man it can get, Donal Noye said when they were alone. Even men like Toad. You wont win any honors killing him.Jons anger flared. He said my overprotect wasa whore. I heard him. What of it? lord Eddard Stark was not a man to sleep with whores, Jon said icily. His honordid not prevent him from fathering a bastard. Did it?Jon was cold with rage. Can I go?You go when I tell you to go.Jon stared sullenly at the smoke rising from the brazier, until Noye took him under the chin, thick fingers twisting his head around. explore at me when Im talking to you, boy.Jon looked. The armorer had a chest like a keg of ale and a intestine to match. His nose was flat and broad, and he always playmed in need of a shave. The left sleeve of his black wool tunic was fastened at the shoulder with a silver pin in the fashion of a longsword. Words wont make your mother a whore. She was what she was, and nothing Toad says can change that. You know, we have men on the Wall whose mothers were whores.Not my mother, Jon thought stubbornly. He knew nothing of his mother Eddard Stark would not talk of her. Yet he dreamed of her at times, so often that he could almost take hold of her face. In his dreams, she was beautiful, and highborn, and her eyes were kind.You think you had it hard, being a high lords bastard? the armorer went on. That boy Jeren is a septons get, and Cotter Pyke is the baseborn son of a tavern wench. Now he commands Eastwatch by the Sea.I dont care, Jon said. I dont care about them and I dont care about you or Thorne or Benjen Stark or any of it. I hate it here. Its too . . . its cold.Yes. Cold and hard and mean, thats the Wall, and the men who walk it. Not like the stori es your soused nurse told you. Well, piss on the stories and piss on your wet nurse. This is the way it is, and youre here for life, alike as the rest of us.Life, Jon repeated bitterly. The armorer could talk about life. Hed had one. Hed only taken the black after hed lost an arm at the siege of Storms End. Before that hed smithed for Stannis Baratheon, the kings brother. Hed seen the Seven Kingdoms from one end to the other hed feasted and wenched and fought in a vitamin C battles. They said it was Donal Noye whod forged King Roberts warhammer, the one that crushed the life from Rhaegar Targaryen on the Trident. Hed done all the things that Jon would never do, and then when he was old, well past thirty, hed taken a glancing blow from an axe and the infract had festered until the whole arm had to follow off. Only then, crippled, had Donal Noye come to the Wall, when his life was all but over. Yes, life, Noye said. A long life or a short one, its up to you, Snow. The road youre walking, one of your brothers will slit your throat for you one night.Theyre not my brothers, Jon snapped. They hate me because Im better than they are.No. They hate you because you act like youre better than they are. They look at you and see a castle-bred bastard who thinks hes a lordling. The armorer leaned close. Youre no lordling. Remember that. Youre a Snow, not a Stark. Youre a bastard and a bully.A bully? Jon almost choked on the word. The bursting charge was so unjust it took his breath away. They were the ones who came after me. Four of them.Four that youve humiliated in the yard. Four who are probably afraid of you. Ive watched you fight. Its not training with you. Put a good edge on your sword, and theyd be dead meat you know it, I know it, they know it. You leave them nothing. You shame them. Does that make you chivalrous?Jon hesitated. He did feel proud when he won. Why shouldnt he? But the armorer was taking that away too, making it sound as if he were doing somethi ng wrong. Theyre all older than me, he said defensively.Older and bigger and stronger, thats the truth. Ill wager your master-at-arms taught you how to fight bigger men at Winterfell, though. Who was he, some old knight?Ser Rodrik Cassel, Jon said warily. There was a trap here. He felt it closing around him.Donal Noye leaned forward, into Jons face. Now think on this, boy. no(prenominal) of these others have ever had a master-at-arms until Ser Alliser. Their fathers were out-of-the-way(prenominal)mers and wagonmen and poachers, smiths and miners and oars on a trading galley. What they know of fighting they learned betwixt decks, in the alleys of Oldtown and Lannisport, in wayside brothels and taverns on the kingsroad. They may have clacked a few sticks together before they came here, but I promise you, not one in twenty was ever rich enough to own a real sword. His look was grim. So how do you like the taste of your victories now, Lord Snow?Dont call me that Jon said sharply, but the force had gone out of his anger. Suddenly he felt mortified and guilty. I never . . . I didnt think . . . Best you start thinking, Noye warned him. That, or sleep with a dagger by your bed. Now go.By the time Jon left the armory, it was almost midday. The sun had broken through the clouds. He turned his back on it and lifted his eyes to the Wall, blazing blue and crystalline in the sunlight. Even after all these weeks, the sight of it still gave him the shivers. Centuries of windblown dirt had pocked and scoured it, covering it like a film, and it often seemed a pale grey, the color of an overcast sky . . . but when the sun caught it passably on a bright day, it shone, alive with light, a colossal blue-white cliff that filled up half the sky.The largest structure ever built by the hands of man, Benjen Stark had told Jon on the kingsroad when they had first caught sight of the Wall in the distance. And beyond a doubt the most useless, Tyrion Lannister had added with a grin, bu t even the Imp grew silent as they rode closer. You could see it from miles off, a pale blue line across the northern horizon, stretching away to the east and west and vanishing in the far distance, immense and unbroken. This is the end of the world, it seemed to say.When they finally spied Castle Black, its timbered keeps and stone towers looked like nothing more than a handful of toy blocks scattered on the snow, beneath the considerable wall of ice. The ancient stronghold of the black brothers was no Winterfell, no true castle at all. absentminded walls, it could not be defended, not from the south, or east, or west but it was only the north that have-to doe with the Nights Watch, and to the north loomed the Wall. Almost seven hundred feet high it stood, three times the height of the tallest tower in the stronghold it sheltered. His uncle said the top was wide enough for a dozen armored knights to ride abreast. The wasted outlines of huge catapults and monstrous wooden cranes stood sentry up on that point, like the skeletons of great birds, and among them walked men in black as small as ants.As he stood outside the armory looking up, Jon felt almost as overwhelmed as he had that day on the kingsroad, when hed seen it for the first time. The Wall was like that. Sometimes he could almost forget that it was there, the way you forgot about the sky or the earth underfoot, but there were other times when it seemed as if there was nothing else in the world. It was older than the Seven Kingdoms, and when he stood beneath it and looked up, it made Jon dizzy. He could feel the great weight of all that ice pressing down on him, as if it were about to topple, and somehow Jon knew that if it fell, the world fell with it.Makes you wonder what lies beyond, a familiar voice said.Jon looked around. Lannister. I didnt seeI mean, I thought I was alone.Tyrion Lannister was bundled in furs so thickly he looked like a very small bear. Theres much to be said for taking peopl e unawares. You never know what you office learn.You wont learn anything from me, Jon told him. He had seen little of the dwarf since their journey ended. As the queens own brother, Tyrion Lannister had been an honored guest of the Nights Watch. The Lord Commander had given him rooms in the Kings Towerso-called, though no king had visited it for a hundred yearsand Lannister dined at Mormonts own table and spent his days riding the Wall and his nights dicing and drinking with Ser Alliser and Bowen marsh and the other high officers.Oh, I learn things everywhere I go. The little man gestured up at the Wall with a gnarled black walking stick. As I was saying . . . why is it that when one man builds a wall, the next man immediately needs to know whats on the other side? He cocked his head and looked at Jon with his curious mismatched eyes. You do want to know whats on the other side, dont you?Its nothing special, Jon said. He wanted to ride with Benjen Stark on his rangings, deep into the mysteries of the haunted forest, wanted to fight Mance Rayders wildlings and ward the realm against the Others, but it was better not to speak of the things you wanted. The rangers say its just woods and mountains and rooted(p) lakes, with lots of snow and ice.And the grumkins and the snarks, Tyrion said. Let us not forget them, Lord Snow, or else whats that big thing for?Dont call me Lord Snow.The dwarf lifted an eyebrow. Would you rather be called the Imp? Let them see that their words can cut you, and youll never be free of the mockery. If they want to give you a name, take it, make it your own. Then they cant hurt you with it anymore. He gestured with his stick. Come, walk with me. Theyll be serving some vile stew in the common hall by now, and I could do with a bowl of something hot.Jon was hungry too, so he fell in beside Lannister and slowed his pace to match the dwarfs awkward, waddling steps. The wind was rising, and they could hear the old wooden buildings creaking ar ound them, and in the distance a heavy shutter banging, over and over, forgotten. Once there was a repress thump as a blanket of snow slid from a roof and landed near them.I dont see your wolf, Lannister said as they walked.I chain him up in the old stables when were training. They board all the horses in the east stables now, so no one bothers him. The rest of the time he stays with me. My dormancy cell is in Hardins Tower.Thats the one with the broken battlement, no? Shattered stone in the yard below, and a lean to it like our noble king Robert after a long nights drinking? I thought all those buildings had been abandoned.Jon shrugged. No one cares where you sleep. Most of the old keeps are empty, you can pick any cell you want. Once Castle Black had housed five thousand fighting men with all their horses and servants and weapons. Now it was national to a tenth that number, and parts of it were falling into ruin.Tyrion Lannisters laughter steamed in the cold air. Ill be authori zed to tell your father to arrest more stonemasons, before your tower collapses.Jon could taste the mockery there, but there was no denying the truth. The Watch had built nineteen great strongholds along the Wall, but only three were still occupied Eastwatch on its grey windswept shore, the ShadowTower hard by the mountains where the Wall ended, and Castle Black between them, at the end of the kingsroad. The other keeps, long deserted, were lonely, haunted places, where cold winds whistled through black windows and the spirits of the dead manned the parapets.Its better that Im by myself, Jon said stubbornly. The rest of them are scared of Ghost.Wise boys, Lannister said. Then he changed the subject. The talk is, your uncle is too long away.Jon remembered the wish hed wished in his anger, the vision of Benjen Stark dead in the snow, and he looked away quickly. The dwarf had a way of sensing things, and Jon did not want him to see the guilt in his eyes. He said hed be back by my name day, he admitted. His name day had come and gone, unremarked, a fortnight past. They were looking for Ser Waymar Royce, his father is bannerman to Lord Arryn. Uncle Benjen said they might search as far as the ShadowTower. Thats all the way up in the mountains.I hear that a good many another(prenominal) rangers have vanished of late, Lannister said as they mounted the steps to the common hall. He grinned and pulled open the door. Perhaps the grumkins are hungry this year.Inside, the hall was immense and drafty, even with a fire roaring in its great hearth. Crows nested in the timbers of its lofty ceiling. Jon heard their cries overhead as he accepted a bowl of stew and a heel of black bread from the days cooks. Grenn and Toad and some of the others were seated at the bench nearest the warmth, express joy and cursing each other in rough voices. Jon eyed them thoughtfully for a moment. Then he chose a spot at the far end of the hall, well away from the other diners.Tyrion Lannister s at across from him, sniffing at the stew suspiciously. Barley, onion, carrot, he muttered. Someone should tell the cooks that turnip isnt a meat.Its mutton stew. Jon pulled off his g esteems and warm up his hands in the steam rising from the bowl. The smell made his mouth water.Snow.Jon knew Alliser Thornes voice, but there was a curious note in it that he had not heard before. He turned.The Lord Commander wants to see you. Now.For a moment Jon was too frightened to move. Why would the Lord Commander want to see him? They had heard something about Benjen, he thought wildly, he was dead, the vision had come true. Is it my uncle? he blurted. Is he returned safe?The Lord Commander is not accustomed to waiting, was Ser Allisers reply. And I am not accustomed to having my commands questioned by bastards.Tyrion Lannister swung off the bench and rose. Stop it, Thorne. Youre frightening the boy.Keep out of matters that dont concern you, Lannister. You have no place here.I have a place at c ourt, though, the dwarf said, smiling. A word in the right ear, and youll die a sour old man before you get another boy to train. Now tell Snow why the Old Bear needs to see him. Is there news of his uncle?No, Ser Alliser said. This is another matter entirely. A bird arrived this morning from Winterfell, with a message that concerns his brother. He corrected himself. His half brother.Bran, Jon breathed, scrambling to his feet. Somethings happened to Bran.Tyrion Lannister laid a hand on his arm. Jon, he said. I am truly sorry.Jon scarcely heard him. He brushed off Tyrions hand and strode across the hall. He was running by the time he hit the doors. He raced to the Commanders Keep, spruce through drifts of old snow. When the guards passed him, he took the tower steps two at a time. By the time he burst into the presence of the Lord Commander, his boots were soaked and Jon was wild-eyed and panting. Bran, he said. What does it say about Bran?Jeor Mormont, Lord Commander of the Nights Watch, was a gruff old man with an immense bald head and a shagged grey beard. He had a raven on his arm, and he was feeding it kernels of corn. I am told you can read. He shook the raven off, and it flapped its wings and flew to the window, where it sat watching as Mormont drew a roll of paper from his belt and handed it to Jon. Corn, it muttered in a raucous voice. Corn, corn.Jons finger traced the outline of the direwolf in the white wax of the broken seat. He recognized Robbs hand, but the letters seemed to blur and run as he tried to read them. He realized he was crying. And then, through the tears, he found the sense in the words, and raised his head. He woke up, he said. The gods gave him back.Crippled, Mormont said. Im sorry, boy. Read the rest of the letter.He looked at the words, but they didnt matter. Nothing mattered. Bran was way out to live. My brother is going to live, he told Mormont. The Lord Commander shook his head, gathered up a smattering of corn, and whistled . The raven flew to his shoulder, crying, Live LiveJon ran down the stairs, a smile on his face and Robbs letter in his hand. My brother is going to live, he told the guards. They exchanged a look. He ran back to the common hall, where he found Tyrion Lannister just finishing his meal. He grabbed the little man under the arms, hoisted him up in the air, and spun him around in a circle. Bran is going to live he whooped. Lannister looked startled. Jon put him down and thrust the paper into his hands. Here, read it, he said.Others were gathering around and looking at him curiously. Jon noticed Grenn a few feet away. A thick woolen bandage was wrapped around one hand. He looked anxious and uncomfortable, not menacing at all. Jon went to him. Grenn go on backward and put up his hands. Stay away from me now, you bastard.Jon smiled at him. Im sorry about your wrist. Robb used the same move on me once, only with a wooden blade. It hurt like seven hells, but yours must be worse. Look, if yo u want, I can show you how to defend that.Alliser Thorne overheard him. Lord Snow wants to take my place now. He sneered. Id have an easier time teaching a wolf to juggle than you will training this aurochs.Ill take that wager, Ser Alliser, Jon said. Id love to see Ghost juggle.Jon heard Grenn suck in his breath, shocked. Silence fell.Then Tyrion Lannister guffawed. Three of the black brothers linked in from a nearby table. The laughter spread up and down the benches, until even the cooks joined in. The birds turned on(p) in the rafters, and finally even Grenn began to chuckle.Ser Alliser never took his eyes from Jon. As the laughter rolled around him, his face darkened, and his sword hand curled into a fist. That was a grievous error, Lord Snow, he said at last in the acid tones of an enemy.